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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
775 questions in 58 reviews · Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma
current versionsNo studies 166 · 21.4%Ungraded 24 · 3.1%Very low 356 · 45.9%Low 162 · 20.9%Moderate 47 · 6.1%High 20 · 2.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Screws vs fixed angle plates Activities of daily living · older adults (> 60 years of age) with displaced and undisplaced intracapsular hip fractures Internal fixation implants for intracapsular hip fractures in older adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: percutaneous pinning vs cast or brace immobilisation only Short‐term patient‐reported hand/wrist/upper limb function. DASH scores (30 to 150; worst disability)At 1.5 months · adults with dorsally displaced distal radius fractures Percutaneous pinning for treating distal radial fractures in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: percutaneous pinning vs cast or brace immobilisation only Medium‐term patient‐reported hand/wrist/upper limb function. DASH scores (30 to 150; worst disability)At 6 months · adults with dorsally displaced distal radius fractures Percutaneous pinning for treating distal radial fractures in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: percutaneous pinning vs cast or brace immobilisation only Long‐term patient‐reported hand/wrist/upper limb function.Over 12 months · adults with dorsally displaced distal radius fractures Percutaneous pinning for treating distal radial fractures in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: percutaneous pinning vs cast or brace immobilisation only Number of people incurring one or more complications requiring substantive treatment · adults with dorsally displaced distal radius fractures Percutaneous pinning for treating distal radial fractures in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 799 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: percutaneous pinning vs cast or brace immobilisation only Overall number of people incurring one or more complications · adults with dorsally displaced distal radius fractures Percutaneous pinning for treating distal radial fractures in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 799 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: percutaneous pinning vs cast or brace immobilisation only Grip strength At 12 months · adults with dorsally displaced distal radius fractures Percutaneous pinning for treating distal radial fractures in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 238 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: percutaneous pinning vs cast or brace immobilisation only Medium‐term quality of life measured via the Short Form 36 ‐ Physical score (0: worst to 100: best health) At 4 months · adults with dorsally displaced distal radius fractures Percutaneous pinning for treating distal radial fractures in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
NSAID vs paracetamol Pain at < 24 hours (VAS: 0 to 100 mm: worst) · people with acute soft tissue injury, such as ankle sprain Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1178 participants | High |
NSAID vs opioid Pain at days 4 to 6 (VAS: 0 to 100 mm: worst) · acute soft tissue injury Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 706 participants | Low |
NSAID vs opioid Pain on day 7 or later (VAS: 0 to 100 mm: worst) · acute soft tissue injury Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 706 participants | Low |
NSAID vs opioid Little or no swelling on day 7 or later · acute soft tissue injury Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.61, 2.13] | 1 study · 84 participants | Very low |
NSAID vs opioid Return to function on day 7 or later (numbers returning to full function or returning to training) · acute soft tissue injury Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [1.03, 1.25] | 2 studies · 749 participants | Low |
NSAID vs opioid Gastrointestinal adverse events · acute soft tissue injury Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.36, 0.62] | 5 studies · 1151 participants | Moderate |
NSAID vs opioid Neurological adverse events · acute soft tissue injury Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.3, 0.53] | 5 studies · 1151 participants | Moderate |
NSAID vs opioid Early re‐injury (with 3 months) · acute soft tissue injury Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs combination (paracetamol and opioid) analgesic Little or no pain at < 24 hours · people with acute soft tissue injury, such as ankle sprain Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 51 participants | Very low |
NSAID vs combination (paracetamol and opioid) analgesic Little or no pain at 1 to 3 days · people with acute soft tissue injury, such as ankle sprain Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.49 [0.65, 3.4] | 2 studies · 149 participants | Very low |
NSAID vs combination (paracetamol and opioid) analgesic Little or no pain on day 7 or later · people with acute soft tissue injury, such as ankle sprain Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.88, 1.25] | 2 studies · 138 participants | Very low |
NSAID vs paracetamol Pain at days 1 to 3 (VAS: 0 to 100 mm: worst) · people with acute soft tissue injury, such as ankle sprain Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1232 participants | High |
NSAID vs combination (paracetamol and opioid) analgesic Swelling on day 7 or later · people with acute soft tissue injury, such as ankle sprain Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 230 participants | Very low |
NSAID vs combination (paracetamol and opioid) analgesic Return to function on day 7 or later Assessed as 'cure' · people with acute soft tissue injury, such as ankle sprain Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.9, 1.81] | 1 study · 89 participants | Very low |
NSAID vs combination (paracetamol and opioid) analgesic Gastrointestinal adverse events · people with acute soft tissue injury, such as ankle sprain Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.03, 1.74] | 3 studies · 141 participants | Very low |
NSAID vs combination (paracetamol and opioid) analgesic Neurological adverse events · people with acute soft tissue injury, such as ankle sprain Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.09, 2.84] | 3 studies · 141 participants | Very low |
NSAID vs combination (paracetamol and opioid) analgesic Early re‐injury (with 3 months) · people with acute soft tissue injury, such as ankle sprain Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs paracetamol Pain on day 7 or later (VAS: 0 to 100 mm: worst) · people with acute soft tissue injury, such as ankle sprain Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 467 participants | Low |
NSAID vs paracetamol Little or no swelling on day 7 or later · people with acute soft tissue injury, such as ankle sprain Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.58, 1.22] | 1 study · 77 participants | Low |
NSAID vs paracetamol Return to function on day 7 or latere · people with acute soft tissue injury, such as ankle sprain Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.9, 1.09] | 3 studies · 386 participants | Very low |
NSAID vs paracetamol Gastrointestinal adverse events · people with acute soft tissue injury, such as ankle sprain Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [0.97, 1.86] | 10 studies · 1504 participants | Low |
NSAID vs paracetamol Neurological adverse events · people with acute soft tissue injury, such as ankle sprain Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.62, 1.17] | 9 studies · 1679 participants | Low |
NSAID vs paracetamol Early re‐injury (within 3 months) · people with acute soft tissue injury, such as ankle sprain Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs opioid Pain at < 24 hours (VAS: 0 to 100 mm: worst) · acute soft tissue injury Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1058 participants | Moderate |
Immobilisation in external rotation vs immobilisation Re‐dislocation · patients undergoing conservative management after closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder Conservative management following closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.38, 1.19] | 6 studies · 488 participants | Very low |
Immobilisation in external rotation vs immobilisation Validated patient‐reported outcome measures for shoulder disabilityf · patients undergoing conservative management after closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder Conservative management following closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 380 participants | Very low |
Immobilisation in external rotation vs immobilisation Resumption of pre‐injury activities · patients undergoing conservative management after closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder Conservative management following closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 347 participants | Very low |
Immobilisation in external rotation vs immobilisation Participant satisfaction with the intervention · patients undergoing conservative management after closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder Conservative management following closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immobilisation in external rotation vs immobilisation Quality of life · patients undergoing conservative management after closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder Conservative management following closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immobilisation in external rotation vs immobilisation Any instability: re‐dislocation or subluxation, composite outcome · patients undergoing conservative management after closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder Conservative management following closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.62, 1.14] | 3 studies · 395 participants | Very low |
Immobilisation in external rotation vs immobilisation Adverse events · patients undergoing conservative management after closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder Conservative management following closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 645 participants | Very low |
Surgical intervention vs conservative intervention DASH questionnaire (0 (best function) to 100 (worst function)) ‐ at 1 year · adults with acute acromioclavicular dislocation of the shouldera Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 112 participants | Low |
Surgical intervention vs conservative intervention Pain: presence of pain (slight or moderate) at 1 year · adults with acute acromioclavicular dislocation of the shouldera Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.54, 3.19] | 1 study · 79 participants | Very low |
Surgical intervention vs conservative intervention Treatment failure (usually requiring a subsequent operation) at 1 year · adults with acute acromioclavicular dislocation of the shouldera Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.51, 1.94] | 6 studies · 342 participants | Very low |
Surgical intervention vs conservative intervention Number of participants to return to work/sport ‐ at 1 year · adults with acute acromioclavicular dislocation of the shouldera Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.85, 1.1] | 2 studies · 137 participants | Low |
Surgical intervention vs conservative intervention Health‐related quality of life: SF‐36 or SF‐12 (0 (worst quality of life) to 100 (best quality of life)) ‐ physical component score at 1 year · adults with acute acromioclavicular dislocation of the shouldera Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 122 participants | Low |
Surgical intervention vs conservative intervention Participants with adverse events at 1 year · adults with acute acromioclavicular dislocation of the shouldera Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.82 [1.65, 4.82] | 6 studies · 342 participants | Very low |
Surgical intervention vs conservative intervention Patient dissatisfaction with the cosmetic result at 1 yearh · adults with acute acromioclavicular dislocation of the shouldera Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.07, 1.62] | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Surgical vs conservative interventions Function (overall) Various toolsa; higher values mean better function (0 to 100 scale, 100 is best function) · adults with acute fracture of the middle third of the clavicle Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating fractures of the middle third of the clavicle (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 838 participants | Low |
Surgical vs conservative interventions Pain VAS: 0 to 100 mm (0 is no pain and 100 mm is the worst score) · adults with acute fracture of the middle third of the clavicle Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating fractures of the middle third of the clavicle (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 277 participants | Low |
Surgical vs conservative interventions Treatment failuref Indication for non‐routine secondary surgery · adults with acute fracture of the middle third of the clavicle Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating fractures of the middle third of the clavicle (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.2, 0.5] | 12 studies · 1197 participants | Low |
Surgical vs conservative interventions Cosmetic problemi · adults with acute fracture of the middle third of the clavicle Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating fractures of the middle third of the clavicle (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.31, 0.98] | 11 studies · 1130 participants | Very low |