What do systematic reviews say?

Treatment route: intravenous corticosteroid vs oral corticosteroid

• Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 75 participants
  Low

Sildenafil vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT ‐ SPECIFIC: SILDENAFIL changes leaving the study early compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

• Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.62]
  1 study · 32 participants
  Very low

ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT ‐ NON‐SPECIFIC: SELEGILINE vs placebo

• Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 10 participants
  Very low

PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL (PE) + MULTIFAMILY TREATMENT (MFT) vs NONSTRUCTURED GROUP THERAPY (NSGT, all long‐term)

PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL (PE) + MULTIFAMILY TREATMENT (MFT) showed no clear difference in leaving the study early: For any reason compared with NONSTRUCTURED GROUP THERAPY (NSGT, all long‐term) (low certainty).

• Psychological interventions for psychosis in adolescents 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.52 [0.1, 2.6]
  1 study · 55 participants
  Low

COGNITIVE REMEDIATION THERAPY (CRG) + TREATMENT‐AS‐USUAL (TAU) vs TAU

It is very uncertain whether COGNITIVE REMEDIATION THERAPY (CRG) + TREATMENT‐AS‐USUAL (TAU) changes leaving the study early: For any reason compared with TAU (all short‐term) (very low certainty).

• Psychological interventions for psychosis in adolescents 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.32, 2.71]
  2 studies · 91 participants
  Very low

Vaginal misoprostol vs surgical evacuation of uterus

• Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks) 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 50 participants
  Low

COGNITIVE REMEDIATION PROGRAMME (CRP) + PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL TREATMENT PROGRAMME (PTP) vs PTP (all medium‐term)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Psychological interventions for psychosis in adolescents 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Inositol supplementation to preterm infants (repeat doses in any amount and any duration of treatment) vs control

Inositol supplementation to preterm infants (repeat doses in any… showed no clear difference in sepsis (early or late onset) compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.21 [0.95, 1.54]
  4 studies · 1067 participants
  Moderate

Early loading of mini-screw implant vs Delayed loading of mini-screw implant

Early loading of mini-screw implant showed no clear difference in success of the anchorage device compared with delayed loading of mini-screw implant; GRADE not reported.

• Reinforcement of anchorage during orthodontic brace treatment with implants or other surgical methods 2014 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 1.00 [0.83, 1.20]
  2 studies · 36 participants
  GRADE not reported

Very early cerebral revascularization vs delayed treatment

It is very uncertain whether very early cerebral revascularization changes stroke and Death < 30 days compared with delayed treatment (very low certainty).

• Immediate versus delayed treatment for recently symptomatic carotid artery stenosis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.3 [0.4, 29.2]
  1 study · 40 participants
  Very low
• Immediate versus delayed treatment for recently symptomatic carotid artery stenosis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.5 [0.1, 1.6]
  1 study · 40 participants
  Very low

Very early cerebral revascularization vs delayed treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Immediate versus delayed treatment for recently symptomatic carotid artery stenosis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Very early cerebral revascularization vs delayed treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Immediate versus delayed treatment for recently symptomatic carotid artery stenosis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Group cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis vs usual care

Group cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis showed no clear difference in leaving the study early: for any reason – end of treatment compared with standard care (low certainty).

• Cognitive behavioural therapy (group) for schizophrenia 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.22 [0.94, 1.59]
  13 studies · 1267 participants
  Low

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids showed no clear difference in mortality at latest reported age compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

• Early (< 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.85, 1.06]
  31 studies · 4373 participants
  High

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids probably leads to lower BPD (36 weeks' PMA) compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

• Early (< 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.73, 0.88]
  26 studies · 4167 participants
  Moderate

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids leads to lower mortality or BPD at 36 weeks' PMA compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

• Early (< 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.84, 0.94]
  26 studies · 4167 participants
  High

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids leads to higher gastrointestinal perforation during primary hospitalisation compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

• Early (< 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.84 [1.36, 2.49]
  16 studies · 3040 participants
  High

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids leads to higher cerebral palsy at latest reported age compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

• Early (< 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.42 [1.06, 1.91]
  13 studies · 1973 participants
  High

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids showed no clear difference in mortality or cerebral palsy at latest reported age compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

• Early (< 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.91, 1.16]
  13 studies · 1973 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher bleeding (early, up to 1 month after treatment) (moderate certainty).

• Thrombolytic strategies versus standard anticoagulation for acute deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.45 [1.58, 3.78]
  19 studies · 1943 participants
  Moderate