Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,097 questions · 3,266 findings · 631 reviews

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No studies found 430 · 13.2%GRADE not reported 193 · 5.9%Very low 995 · 30.5%Low 904 · 27.7%Moderate 591 · 18.1%High 153 · 4.7%

LAMA vs LABA

Pneumonia: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.83 [0.61, 1.13]
2 studies · 10815 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Pneumonia: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA probably leads to lower pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.62 [0.4, 0.96]
1 study · 3358 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LAMA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.89, 1.27]
1 study · 2206 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LAMA

Severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.73 [0.45, 1.16]
1 study · 304 participants
Moderate

Exercise vs no exercise

Health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) · people with Child‐Pugh stage A or B cirrhosis

1 finding from 1 review

Physical exercise for people with cirrhosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 81 participants
Low

Exercise vs no exercise

Anthropometric measurements: mid‐thigh circumference (cm) · people with Child‐Pugh stage A or B cirrhosis

1 finding from 1 review

Physical exercise for people with cirrhosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 128 participants
Low

ICU follow‐up services vs standard care or no follow‐up service

Physical function · adult survivors of the ICU, excluding those already in an existing follow‐up or rehabilitation programme

1 finding from 1 review

Follow‐up services for improving long‐term outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 422 participants
Very low

ICU follow‐up services vs standard care or no follow‐up service

Cognitive function · adult survivors of the ICU, excluding those already in an existing follow‐up or rehabilitation programme

1 finding from 1 review

Follow‐up services for improving long‐term outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 622 participants
Very low

Mirtazapine vs placebo

Participant‐reported sleep problems (scale: 0 to 28; higher scores indicate more sleep problems) · adults with fibromyalgia

Mirtazapine showed no clear difference in participant‐reported sleep problems (scale: 0 to 28; higher scores… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mirtazapine for fibromyalgia in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 573 participants
Low

Acupuncture vs sham

Pain (short term) WOMAC scale from 0 to 20 points (higher is worse pain). · patients with hip osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for hip osteoarthritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 105 participants
Moderate

Acupuncture as an addition to the routine primary care that trial participants were receiving from their physicians vs routine primary physician care alone

Quality of Life: SF‐36 (physical component) · patients with hip osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for hip osteoarthritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 137 participants
Low

Acupuncture as an addition to the routine primary care that trial participants were receiving from their physicians vs routine primary physician care alone

Quality of life (mental component) (short‐term) SF‐36 physical component scale from 0 to 100 (higher is better quality of life). · patients with hip osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for hip osteoarthritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 137 participants
Low

Acupuncture vs sham

Function (short‐term) WOMAC scale from: 0 to 100 (higher is worse function). · patients with hip osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for hip osteoarthritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 105 participants
Moderate

Acupuncture as an addition to patient education vs education alone

Pain (short term) WOMAC scale from 0 to 20 points (higher is worse pain). · patients with hip osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for hip osteoarthritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 25 participants
GRADE not reported

Acupuncture as an addition to patient education vs education alone

Function (short‐term) DRI scale from: 0 to 100 (higher is worse function). · patients with hip osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for hip osteoarthritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 25 participants
GRADE not reported

Acupuncture as an addition to patient education vs education alone

Quality of life (short‐term) GSI scale from 0 to 10 (higher is worse quality of life). · patients with hip osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for hip osteoarthritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 25 participants
GRADE not reported

Acupuncture vs NSAIDs

Pain (short term) WOMAC scale from 0 to 20 points (higher is worse pain). · patients with hip osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for hip osteoarthritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 60 participants
Very low

Acupuncture vs NSAIDs

Function (short‐term) Harris function score from: 0 to 47 (higher is better function). · patients with hip osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for hip osteoarthritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 60 participants
Very low

Acupuncture as an addition to the routine primary care that trial participants were receiving from their physicians vs routine primary physician care alone

Pain (short term) WOMAC scale from 0 to 20 points (higher is worse pain). · patients with hip osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for hip osteoarthritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 137 participants
Low

Acupuncture as an addition to the routine primary care that trial participants were receiving from their physicians vs routine primary physician care alone

Function (short‐term) WOMAC scale from: 0 to 100 (higher is worse function). · patients with hip osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for hip osteoarthritis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 137 participants
Low