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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Antibiotics (short duration) vs antibiotics (long duration) postpartum Wound infection · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.87 [0.17, 20.37] | 1 study · 292 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs antibiotics Neonatal sepsis · women in labor with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.4, 2.86] | 2 studies · 163 participants | Low |
Antibiotics (short duration) vs antibiotics (long duration) postpartum Duration of hospital stay (days) · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 292 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics (short duration) vs antibiotics (long duration) postpartum Need for additional antibiotic therapy · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antibiotics (short duration) vs antibiotics (long duration) postpartum Endometritis · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antibiotics (short duration) vs antibiotics (long duration) postpartum Postpartum readmission for endometritis · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antibiotics (short duration) vs antibiotics (long duration) postpartum Treatment failure (vaginal and cesarean delivery) · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.42, 4.02] | 1 study · 292 participants | Low |
Intrapartum vs postpartum treatment Maternal and neonatal mortality · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intrapartum vs postpartum treatment Maternal bacteremia · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2.19 [0.25, 19.48] | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Intrapartum vs postpartum treatment Early neonatal sepsis · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.08 [0, 1.44] | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Intrapartum vs postpartum treatment Neonatal pneumonia or sepsis · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.06 [0, 0.95] | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Intrapartum vs postpartum treatment Maternal postpartum hospital stay (days) · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Antibiotics vs antibiotics Respiratory distress syndrome · women in labor with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.69 [0.42, 6.78] | 1 study · 125 participants | Low |
Intrapartum vs postpartum treatment Neonatal hospital stay · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Intrapartum vs postpartum treatment Endometritis/Failure treatment · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antibiotics vs antibiotics Maternal postpartum hospital stay (days) · women in labor with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 125 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs antibiotics Postpartum readmission for endometritis · women in labor with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antibiotics vs antibiotics Treatment failure (endometritis) · women in labor with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.27, 2.7] | 2 studies · 163 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs no treatment during postpartum period Neonatal death · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | RR 3.32 [0.14, 79.88] | 1 study · 116 participants | Very low |
Antibiotics vs no treatment during postpartum period Neonatal sepsis · women with management of intra‐amniotic infection Antibiotic regimens for management of intra‐amniotic infection (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.23, 5.27] | 1 study · 55 participants | Very low |
Monitoring of contractions with internal tocodynamometry vs external tocodynamometry Hyperstimulation Internal versus external tocodynamometry during induced or augmented labour (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.78, 1.88] | 2 studies · 489 participants | Moderate |
Monitoring of contractions with internal tocodynamometry vs external tocodynamometry Apgar score less than seven at five minutes Internal versus external tocodynamometry during induced or augmented labour (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.78 [0.83, 3.83] | 3 studies · 1945 participants | Moderate |
Monitoring of contractions with internal tocodynamometry vs external tocodynamometry Umbilical artery pH < 7.15 Internal versus external tocodynamometry during induced or augmented labour (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.95, 1.79] | 1 study · 1456 participants | Moderate |
Monitoring of contractions with internal tocodynamometry vs external tocodynamometry Umbilical artery pH < 7.16 Internal versus external tocodynamometry during induced or augmented labour (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.39, 3.92] | 1 study · 239 participants | Moderate |
Monitoring of contractions with internal tocodynamometry vs external tocodynamometry Admission to neonatal intensive care Internal versus external tocodynamometry during induced or augmented labour (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.07, 1.67] | 2 studies · 489 participants | Moderate |
Monitoring of contractions with internal tocodynamometry vs external tocodynamometry Instrumental vaginal delivery Internal versus external tocodynamometry during induced or augmented labour (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.85, 1.32] | 3 studies · 1945 participants | Moderate |
Monitoring of contractions with internal tocodynamometry vs external tocodynamometry Caesarean section Internal versus external tocodynamometry during induced or augmented labour (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.85, 1.29] | 3 studies · 1945 participants | Moderate |
Antispasmodics vs control Duration of first stage of labour minutes · Women in labour Antispasmodics for labour (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 1995 participants | Low |
Antispasmodics vs control Duration of second stage of labour minutes · Women in labour Antispasmodics for labour (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 1297 participants | Low |
Antispasmodics vs control Duration of third stage of labour minutes · Women in labour Antispasmodics for labour (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 765 participants | Low |
Antispasmodics vs control Total duration of labour minutes · Women in labour Antispasmodics for labour (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 797 participants | Very low |
Antispasmodics vs control Rate of cervical dilatation cm/h · Women in labour Antispasmodics for labour (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 820 participants | Low |
Antispasmodics vs control Rate of normal vertex deliveries · Women in labour Antispasmodics for labour (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [1, 1.05] | 16 studies · 2319 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Planned or preferred mode of birth: VBAC · women deciding about mode of birth in a pregnancy after caesarean birth Interventions for supporting pregnant women's decision‐making about mode of birth after a caesarean (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.97, 1.1] | 3 studies · 2071 participants | High |
Intervention NR Planned mode of birth: unsure · women deciding about mode of birth in a pregnancy after caesarean birth Interventions for supporting pregnant women's decision‐making about mode of birth after a caesarean (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.62, 1.2] | 3 studies · 2071 participants | High |
Intervention NR Adverse outcomes1 · women deciding about mode of birth in a pregnancy after caesarean birth Interventions for supporting pregnant women's decision‐making about mode of birth after a caesarean (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Congruence between preferred and actual mode of birth · women deciding about mode of birth in a pregnancy after caesarean birth Interventions for supporting pregnant women's decision‐making about mode of birth after a caesarean (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.96, 1.07] | 3 studies · 1921 participants | High |
Intervention NR Actual mode of birth (VBAC versus caesarean) · women deciding about mode of birth in a pregnancy after caesarean birth Interventions for supporting pregnant women's decision‐making about mode of birth after a caesarean (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.89, 1.06] | 3 studies · 2190 participants | High |
Intervention NR Respiratory distress Respiratory rate at rest > 60/min and/or signs of respiratory distress. · pregnant women at term. Prostaglandins before caesarean section for preventing neonatal respiratory distress (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 | 1 study · 36 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Need for mechanical ventilation · pregnant women at term. Prostaglandins before caesarean section for preventing neonatal respiratory distress (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Low |
Intervention NR All cause fetal mortality · pregnant women at term. Prostaglandins before caesarean section for preventing neonatal respiratory distress (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal adverse events · pregnant women at term. Prostaglandins before caesarean section for preventing neonatal respiratory distress (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Stillbirths · pregnant women giving birth Traditional birth attendant training for improving health behaviours and pregnancy outcomes (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.76, 1.28] | 2 studies · 27594 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Early neonatal death (0 to 6 days) · pregnant women giving birth Traditional birth attendant training for improving health behaviours and pregnancy outcomes (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.68, 1.01] | 3 studies · 37494 participants | Moderate |
AFI vs SDVP: summary of findings table Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · pregnant women to prevent adverse pregnancy outcome Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse… (2008) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.85, 1.26] | 5 studies · 3226 participants | Moderate |
AFI vs SDVP: summary of findings table Perinatal deaths · pregnant women to prevent adverse pregnancy outcome Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse… (2008) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
AFI vs SDVP: summary of findings table Umbilical artery pH less than 7.1 · pregnant women to prevent adverse pregnancy outcome Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse… (2008) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.74, 1.65] | 3 studies · 2625 participants | Moderate |
AFI vs SDVP: summary of findings table Rate of diagnosis of oligohydramnios · pregnant women to prevent adverse pregnancy outcome Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse… (2008) · Cochrane | RR 2.39 [1.73, 3.28] | 5 studies · 3226 participants | Moderate |
AFI vs SDVP: summary of findings table Caesarean delivery · pregnant women to prevent adverse pregnancy outcome Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse… (2008) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.92, 1.29] | 5 studies · 3226 participants | Moderate |
AFI vs SDVP: summary of findings table Rate of induction of labor · pregnant women to prevent adverse pregnancy outcome Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse… (2008) · Cochrane | RR 1.92 [1.5, 2.46] | 4 studies · 2138 participants | High |