Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,123 questions · 2,188 findings · 243 reviews

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No studies found 493 · 22.5%GRADE not reported 160 · 7.3%Very low 600 · 27.4%Low 474 · 21.7%Moderate 364 · 16.6%High 97 · 4.4%

Point‐of‐care biomarkers (procalcitonin) for infection vs usual care

Clinical recovery · people with acute respiratory infections

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Biomarkers as point‐of‐care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Biomarkers as point‐of‐care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 277 participants
Very low

Point‐of‐care biomarkers (C‐reactive protein) for infection vs usual care

Clinical recovery · people with acute respiratory infections

2 findings from 1 review

Biomarkers as point‐of‐care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 3104 participants
Moderate
Biomarkers as point‐of‐care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 2324 participants
Moderate

Point‐of‐care biomarkers (C‐reactive protein) for infection vs usual care

Mortality within 28 days · people with acute respiratory infections

1 finding from 1 review

Biomarkers as point‐of‐care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 7737 participants
Low

Point‐of‐care biomarkers (C‐reactive protein) for infection vs usual care

Number of participants in need of a hospital admission within 28 days · people with acute respiratory infections

1 finding from 1 review

Biomarkers as point‐of‐care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 7514 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Limb function at 6 or 12 months · adults with open long bone fractures; study in the review included only Gustilo II open tibia fractures

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

Deep surgical site infection · adults with open long bone fractures of the upper and lower limbs

It is very uncertain whether timing of wound closure (immediate changes deep surgical site infection compared with delayed) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.37, 1.8]
2 studies · 458 participants
Very low

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

Delayed or non‐union (medium term) · adults with open long bone fractures of the upper and lower limbs

It is very uncertain whether timing of wound closure (immediate changes delayed union or non‐union compared with delayed) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.13 [0.83, 1.55]
1 study · 387 participants
Very low

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

Unplanned operations at 12 months · adults with open long bone fractures of the upper and lower limbs

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

Adverse events ‐ superficial infection · adults with open long bone fractures of the upper and lower limbs

It is very uncertain whether timing of wound closure (immediate changes adverse events ‐ superficial infection compared with delayed) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 6.45 [0.35, 120.43]
1 study · 71 participants
Very low

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

Return to work · adults with open long bone fractures of the upper and lower limbs

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

HRQoL at 6 or 12 months · adults with open long bone fractures; study in the review included only Gustilo II open tibia fractures

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Deep surgical site infection at 30 days or 90 days, or time points reported by study authors · adults with open long bone fractures; study in the review included only Gustilo II open tibia fractures

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Delayed or non‐union at time points reported by study authors · adults with open long bone fractures; study in the review included only Gustilo II open tibia fractures

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Unplanned operations at 12 months · adults with open long bone fractures; study in the review included only Gustilo II open tibia fractures

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Adverse events: superficial infection · adults with open long bone fractures; study in the review included only Gustilo II open tibia fractures

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes adverse events: superficial infection (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.19 [0.49, 2.87]
1 study · 77 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Return to work by 12 months · adults with open long bone fractures; study in the review included only Gustilo II open tibia fractures

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

Limb function at 6 or 12 months · adults with open long bone fractures of the upper and lower limbs

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

HRQoL at 6 or 12 months · adults with open long bone fractures of the upper and lower limbs

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Topical plus systemic prophylaxis vs placebo or no treatment

Overall mortality · adults receiving mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours

Topical plus systemic prophylaxis leads to lower overall mortality compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving mechanical… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.84 [0.73, 0.96]
18 studies · 5290 participants
High

Topical prophylaxis vs no topical prophylaxis

Respiratory tract infections ‐ topical plus systemic prophylaxis versus systemic prophylaxis alone · adults receiving mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours

Topical prophylaxis showed no clear difference in respiratory tract infections ‐ topical plus systemic prophylaxis… compared with no topical prophylaxis (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving mechanical… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.58, 1.16]
6 studies · 850 participants
Low