Improvement in mucositis · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis
Polyvariant intramuscular immunoglobulin led to higher improvement in mucositis compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (mostly adults, often with periodontal disease) assessed for oral proinflammatory markers
Meta-analysis suggests no significant effect of e-cigarette use on the salivary level of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) (6 studies), though heterogeneity was high (I2=84%) and the pooled estimate appears only in Figure 3C (unavailable); GCF data were limited (1 study(ies)) (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (mostly adults, often with periodontal disease) assessed for oral proinflammatory markers
Meta-analysis suggests no significant effect of e-cigarette use on the salivary level of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) (6 studies), though heterogeneity was high (I2=95%) and the pooled estimate appears only in Figure 3D (unavailable); GCF data were limited (1 study(ies)) (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Downregulation of S. mutans virulence/biofilm gene expression (gtfB, gtfC, ftf) · Cariogenic bacteria (mainly Streptococcus mutans reference strains) and oral biofilms in vitro
Postbiotics reduce expression of S. mutans biofilm/virulence genes (gtfB, gtfC, ftf) in vitro (ungraded narrative synthesis).
1 finding from 1 review
Postbiotics and Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. 2025 All outcomesExposure 24 h to 7 days · Laboratory (in vitro)
Postbiotics downregulated expression of S. mutans virulence and exopolysaccharide-synthesis genes (e.g., gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, ftf) in 10 in vitro studies; no pooled estimate.
8 studies
GRADE not reported
Adverse events and periodontal/secondary outcomes (gingival bleeding, gingival bleeding index, visible plaque index) · Children and adults with non-cavitated proximal (interproximal) caries lesions in primary and/or permanent teeth (ages 3-45)
Only three trials reported secondary/adverse outcomes; no adverse events were attributed to microinvasive treatment and periodontal findings were mixed and not pooled (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Microinvasive interventions in the management of proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth- systematic… 2025 All outcomesBaseline and follow-up · Multiple countries (Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, USA, Turkey, Switzerland, Germany, New Zealand, Chile, Thailand); dental clinic/community settings
Reported narratively by 3 trials (Arthur 2018, Sarti 2020, Jorge 2019). No adverse events were attributed to microinvasive treatment. Gingival bleeding index: no significant difference in Arthur 2018 and Jorge 2019 but…
3 studies
GRADE not reported
Radiographic proximal caries lesion progression · Children and adults with non-cavitated proximal (interproximal) caries lesions in primary and/or permanent teeth (ages 3-45)
Pooling 10 trials, resin infiltration reduced radiographic proximal caries progression versus non-invasive measures (OR 0.23); this subgroup was not separately GRADE-rated.
1 finding from 1 review
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (mostly adults, often with periodontal disease) assessed for oral proinflammatory markers
Meta-analysis suggests no significant effect of e-cigarette use on the salivary level of Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (7 studies), though heterogeneity was high (I2=95%) and the pooled estimate appears only in Figure 3E (unavailable); GCF data were limited (2 study(ies)) (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Proposed inhibition of S. mutans adhesion to tooth surface (mechanism; direct adherence endpoint confirmed only in Ahn 2018) · Cariogenic bacteria (mainly Streptococcus mutans reference strains) and oral biofilms in vitro
Postbiotics inhibit S. mutans adhesion to tooth surfaces in vitro (ungraded narrative synthesis).
1 finding from 1 review
Combined salivary IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels · Humans who use e-cigarettes (mostly adults, often with periodontal disease) assessed for oral proinflammatory markers
Combining all four salivary cytokines, the meta-analysis found no effect of e-cigarette use on salivary proinflammatory marker levels (low between-marker heterogeneity, I2=31%); the pooled estimate appears only in Figure 3F (unavailable) and is ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (mostly adults, often with periodontal disease) assessed for oral proinflammatory markers
Meta-analysis suggests no significant effect of e-cigarette use on the salivary level of Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) (11 studies), though heterogeneity was high (I2=97%) and the pooled estimate appears only in Figure 3B (unavailable); GCF data were limited (2 study(ies)) (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Enamel/dental hard-tissue changes and e-liquid cariogenic properties (demineralization, colour change, pH, sugar content, metals) · Oral bacteria (streptococci), dental hard tissue (enamel/dentin) and e-liquids studied in vitro/ex vivo (with a few clinical microbiome…
In vitro evidence suggests e-liquids are often acidic and sugar-containing and can alter enamel/dentin colour and properties, supporting a plausible cariogenic effect, but findings are heterogeneous and not pooled (ungraded, narrative).
1 finding from 1 review
Reduced enamel demineralization · Cariogenic bacteria (mainly Streptococcus mutans reference strains) and oral biofilms in vitro
A single in vitro study found postbiotics reduce enamel demineralization (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Radiographic proximal caries lesion progression · Children with non-cavitated proximal caries lesions in primary teeth (ages 3-9)
In primary teeth (5 trials), microinvasive techniques reduced radiographic proximal caries progression versus non-invasive measures (OR 0.38; ungraded subgroup).
1 finding from 1 review
Streptococcus mutans acid (lactic acid) production and cariogenic potential · Oral biofilm of children/individuals at risk of dental caries
The review concludes that Veillonella spp. may modulate (often inhibit) S. mutans acid production and compete for lactate substrate, potentially reducing cariogenesis, but the evidence is narrative and ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review
Radiographic proximal caries lesion progression · Children and adults with non-cavitated proximal caries lesions in permanent teeth (ages 11-45)
In permanent teeth (7 trials), microinvasive techniques reduced radiographic proximal caries progression versus non-invasive measures (OR 0.18; ungraded subgroup).
1 finding from 1 review
Radiographic proximal caries lesion progression · Children and adults with non-cavitated proximal (interproximal) caries lesions in primary and/or permanent teeth (ages 3-45)
Microinvasive techniques probably reduce radiographic progression of non-cavitated proximal caries lesions compared with non-invasive measures (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Prevalence of white spot lesions (WSL) at debonding, subject level · Healthy adolescents and adults undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed multi-bracket appliances
Fluoride varnish applied regularly during fixed orthodontic treatment may reduce the prevalence of white spot lesions at debonding (pooled RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.98), but the certainty of evidence is very low.
1 finding from 1 review
White spot lesion clinical score (mean values), subject level · Healthy adolescents and adults undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed multi-bracket appliances
In a pooled analysis of two placebo-controlled trials, fluoride varnish also reduced white spot lesion clinical scores (pooled SMD -0.44, 95% CI -0.64 to -0.24); this secondary outcome was not separately GRADE-rated.
1 finding from 1 review
new root-surface carious lesions or restorations · community-dwelling older adults with root caries
SDF had a 28% preventative fraction at 24 months; no pooled estimate or GRADE rating was reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Quality of life · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review