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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,751 questions in 147 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care
current versionsNo studies 361 · 20.6%Ungraded 87 · 5%Very low 625 · 35.7%Low 367 · 21%Moderate 232 · 13.2%High 79 · 4.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Topical clonidine (TC) vs active comparator Participants experiencing at least 1adverse event during longest · adults with painful diabetic neuropathy Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical clonidine (TC) vs active comparator Withdrawal due to lack of efficacy (12 weeks) · adults with painful diabetic neuropathy Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical clonidine (TC) vs placebo Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greater during longest · adults with painful diabetic neuropathy Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [1.03, 1.77] | 2 studies · 344 participants | Very low |
Topical clonidine (TC) vs placebo Much or very much improved on PGIC during longest · adults with painful diabetic neuropathy Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.76, 1.49] | 1 study · 179 participants | Low |
Topical clonidine (TC) vs placebo Very much improved on PGIC during longest · adults with painful diabetic neuropathy Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.82 [0.89, 3.72] | 1 study · 179 participants | Low |
Topical clonidine (TC) vs placebo Withdrawals due to adverse events during longest · adults with painful diabetic neuropathy Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.04, 3.18] | 1 study · 179 participants | Low |
Topical clonidine (TC) vs placebo Participants experiencing at least 1adverse event during longest · adults with painful diabetic neuropathy Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.14, 3.05] | 2 studies · 344 participants | Low |
Topical clonidine (TC) vs placebo Withdrawal due to lack of efficacy (12 weeks) · adults with painful diabetic neuropathy Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.06, 15.92] | 1 study · 179 participants | Low |
Topical clonidine (TC) vs active comparator Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater during longest · adults with painful diabetic neuropathy Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 [0.99, 2] | 1 study · 139 participants | Low |
Topical clonidine (TC) vs active comparator Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greater during longest · adults with painful diabetic neuropathy Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications vs placebo Vomiting (≥1 episode) · adults receiving intravenous opioids Prophylactic antiemetics for adults receiving intravenous opioids in the acute care setting (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.26, 5.32] | 3 studies · 527 participants | Low |
Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications vs placebo Nausea (≥1 episode) · adults receiving intravenous opioids Prophylactic antiemetics for adults receiving intravenous opioids in the acute care setting (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.15, 2.03] | 2 studies · 336 participants | Low |
Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications vs placebo Adverse events · adults receiving intravenous opioids Prophylactic antiemetics for adults receiving intravenous opioids in the acute care setting (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.34 [0.47, 11.61] | 3 studies · 527 participants | Low |
Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications vs placebo Number of vomiting episodes · adults receiving intravenous opioids Prophylactic antiemetics for adults receiving intravenous opioids in the acute care setting (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications vs placebo Nausea severity (postintervention)Scale from: 0 to 10 · adults receiving intravenous opioids Prophylactic antiemetics for adults receiving intravenous opioids in the acute care setting (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 191 participants | Low |
Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications vs placebo Rescue medication · adults receiving intravenous opioids Prophylactic antiemetics for adults receiving intravenous opioids in the acute care setting (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.86 [0.17, 20.16] | 3 studies · 527 participants | Low |
Exercise plus usual care vs usual care Lean body mass · cancer cachexia in adults Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Multimodal intervention (exercise plus other interventions) plus usual care vs usual care Occurrence of adverse events · cancer cachexia in adults Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.67, 2.07] | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Multimodal intervention (exercise plus other interventions) plus usual care vs usual care Muscle strength and endurance** Strength · cancer cachexia in adults Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Multimodal intervention (exercise plus other interventions) plus usual care vs usual care Maximal and submaximal exercise capacity** Submaximal capacity · cancer cachexia in adults Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Multimodal intervention (exercise plus other interventions) plus usual care vs usual care Fatigue · cancer cachexia in adults Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Multimodal intervention (exercise plus other interventions) plus usual care vs usual care Health‐related quality of life · cancer cachexia in adults Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Exercise plus usual care vs usual care Adherence to prescribed exercise programmes · cancer cachexia in adults Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1 | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Exercise plus usual care vs usual care Occurrence of adverse events · cancer cachexia in adults Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Exercise plus usual care vs usual care Muscle strength and endurance · cancer cachexia in adults Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise plus usual care vs usual care Maximal and submaximal exercise capacity Functional capacity · cancer cachexia in adults Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise plus usual care vs usual care Fatigue · cancer cachexia in adults Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Exercise plus usual care vs usual care Health‐related quality of life · cancer cachexia in adults Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Multimodal intervention (exercise plus other interventions) plus usual care vs usual care Lean body mass · cancer cachexia in adults Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Multimodal intervention (exercise plus other interventions) plus usual care vs usual care Adherence to prescribed exercise programmes · cancer cachexia in adults Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hydromorphone vs oxycodone Participant‐reported pain intensity (as measured by VAS or BPI) · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 462 participants | Very low |
Hydromorphone vs morphine Specific adverse events – nausea · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.66, 1.3] | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
Hydromorphone vs morphine Specific adverse events – vomiting · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.58, 1.31] | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
Hydromorphone vs morphine Specific adverse events – dizziness · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.71, 1.88] | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
Hydromorphone vs morphine Specific adverse events – constipation · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 433 participants | Very low |
Hydromorphone vs morphine Quality of life · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hydromorphone vs fentanyl Participant‐reported pain intensity (as measured by NRS) · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 82 participants | Very low |
Hydromorphone vs fentanyl Participant‐reported pain relief · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hydromorphone vs fentanyl Specific adverse events – nausea · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hydromorphone vs fentanyl Specific adverse events – vomiting · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hydromorphone vs fentanyl Specific adverse events – dizziness · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hydromorphone vs oxycodone Participant‐reported pain relief · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hydromorphone vs fentanyl Specific adverse events – constipation · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hydromorphone vs fentanyl Quality of life · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hydromorphone vs oxycodone Specific adverse events – nausea · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.74, 1.73] | 3 studies · 622 participants | Very low |
Hydromorphone vs oxycodone Specific adverse events – vomiting · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.72, 1.94] | 3 studies · 622 participants | Very low |
Hydromorphone vs oxycodone Specific adverse events – dizziness · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.58, 1.44] | 2 studies · 441 participants | Very low |
Hydromorphone vs oxycodone Specific adverse events – constipation · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.72, 1.19] | 3 studies · 622 participants | Very low |
Hydromorphone vs oxycodone Quality of life · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hydromorphone vs morphine Participant‐reported pain intensity (as measured by BPI and VAS) · people with moderate to severe cancer pain Hydromorphone for cancer pain (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 433 participants | Very low |