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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
866 questions in 43 reviews · Oral and maxillofacial surgery
current versionsNo studies 188 · 21.7%Ungraded 548 · 63.3%Very low 81 · 9.4%Low 37 · 4.3%Moderate 8 · 0.9%High 4 · 0.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Acellular dermal matrix vs Control Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.15 [0.04, 0.67] | 1 study · 300 participants | Ungraded |
Platelet rich plasma vs Placebo or no treatment Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.19, 1.33] | 2 studies · 127 participants | Very low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Psychological distress at follow-up · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Follow-up Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | MD -1.02 [-4.02, 1.98] | 1 study · 101 participants | Low |
Artemisia desertorum spreng (Yunnan) vs Placebo Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.06, 1.28] | 1 study · 182 participants | Ungraded |
Acellular dermal matrix patch vs No treatment Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.07 [0.01, 0.50] | 1 study · 400 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine 0.2% socket irrigation (monoject syringe) vs Chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthrinse Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.26 [0.09, 0.71] | 1 study · 95 participants | Ungraded |
Autofluorescence-guided bone surgery vs Tetracycline fluorescence-guided bone surgery Healing of MRONJ (mucosal integrity) · People with MRONJ referred for surgical treatment · 1 year Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.86, 1.30] | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
Primary closure of the extraction socket with a mucoperiosteal flap vs Application of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) without primary closure Rate of complications and side effects of the intervention · People on antiresorptive treatment undergoing tooth extraction (at risk of MRONJ) · 90 days Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | No intraoperative complications occurred in either group. Postoperative complications: 6 participants (15.4%) in the mucoperiosteal flap group and 1 participant (2.6%) in the PRF group. | 1 study · 77 participants | Ungraded |
Topical anaesthetic gel (prilocaine-lidocaine) vs Eugenol Pain at 48 hours (VAS 0-10) · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction · 48 hours Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | MD -0.20 [-1.87, 1.47] | 1 study · 35 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Caries experience - mean dmfs (descriptive), primary dentition · CL/P vs no CL/P; Table 4 (6 groups/4 studies) Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | Mean dmfs (SD) CL/P 4.1 (SD 3.52) vs no CL/P 3.2 (SD 2.75) | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine gel (0.2%, intrasocket) vs Chlorhexidine rinse (0.12%) Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.46, 1.20] | 2 studies · 383 participants | Low |
Teriparatide 56.5 microg weekly in addition to standard care vs Teriparatide 20 microg daily in addition to standard care Healing of MRONJ (remission) · People with established (manifest) MRONJ · 6 months Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.60 [0.25, 1.44] | 1 study · 12 participants | Very low |
Tap water irrigation (monoject syringe) vs No rinsing Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.18, 0.74] | 1 study · 336 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine gel 1% vs Chlorhexidine gel 0.2% Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.15, 2.05] | 1 study · 88 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Caries experience - mean dmft (descriptive), primary dentition · CL/P vs no CL/P; Table 4 (15 groups/13 studies) Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | Mean dmft (SD) CL/P 3.2 (SD 2.22) vs no CL/P 2.5 (SD 1.53) | 13 studies | Ungraded |
Subperiosteal prepared (SPP) wound closure after tooth extraction vs Epiperiosteal prepared (EPP) wound closure after tooth extraction MRONJ after tooth extraction (incidence proportion) · People on antiresorptive therapy for cancer or osteoporosis undergoing dental extractions (at risk of MRONJ) · 6 months Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.00, 1.56] | 1 study · 132 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication, self-care or disease management) Pain intensity at follow-up (6-12 months) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Follow-up (6-12 months) Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD -0.29 [-0.50, -0.08] | 5 studies · 475 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Psychological distress at treatment completion · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | MD 2.36 [-1.17, 5.89] | 1 study · 101 participants | Low |
Honey (Manuka, topical) vs Chlorhexidine rinse (0.2%) Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.41, 4.22] | 1 study · 100 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine gel (0.2%, intrasocket) vs Placebo or no treatment Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.44 [0.27, 0.71] | 7 studies · 753 participants | Moderate |
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) as an adjunct to conventional therapy vs Conventional therapy Quality of life · People with established (manifest) MRONJ · 6 months Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | QoL measured with the Duke Health Profile; only within-group comparisons were provided; no score values, so a between-group analysis was not possible. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication, self-care or disease management) Adverse events · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SoF: 3 studies reported minor adverse events in the control group; 1 study reported minor adverse events in psychological therapy group; 1 study reported that there were no adverse events. Results: NCT00066937 minor… | 5 studies | Very low |
Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) vs No cleft lip and/or palate (non-CL/P) Caries experience in the primary dentition (dmft/dmfs/dfs/deft/ds; pooled as standardized mean difference) · Children in the primary dentition with non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) and comparable children without CL/P · Overall (all dentition groups) Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | SMD 0.46 [0.15, 0.77] | 16 studies · 3863 participants | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Pain intensity at treatment completion · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD -0.09 [-0.30, 0.12] | 6 studies · 577 participants | Low |
Artemisia desertorum spreng (Shahaosan) vs Artemisia desertorum spreng (Yunnan) Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.04, 5.06] | 1 study · 178 participants | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Pain disability at follow-up · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Follow-up Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD 0.01 [-0.61, 0.64] | 2 studies · 240 participants | Low |
Dental extraction protocol with plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) inserted into the postextraction alveolus vs Standard dental extraction protocol without PRGF MRONJ (incidence proportion) · People with cancer treated with intravenous bisphosphonates undergoing dental extractions (at risk of MRONJ) · 24 to 60 months Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.08 [0.00, 1.51] | 1 study · 176 participants | Very low |
Oral tissue patch vs Placebo or control Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.02, 0.98] | 1 study · 200 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Caries experience - % dft (descriptive), primary dentition · CL/P vs no CL/P; Table 4 (1 group/1 study) Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | % dft CL/P 7.4 vs no CL/P 8.1 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Alvogyl vs Zinc oxide eugenol Time to initial pain relief (minutes) · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction · Initial pain relief Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | MD -17.64 [-18.76, -16.52] | 1 study · 78 participants | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Additional physical symptoms · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | This outcome was not measured for this comparison. | NR | No studies |
Dental examinations at three-month intervals and preventive treatments vs Standard care MRONJ (incidence rate: cases per patient-year) · Men with metastatic prostate cancer receiving intravenous zoledronic acid (at risk of MRONJ) · mean 28.8 months Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | rate ratio 0.18 [0.04, 0.74] | 1 study · 253 participants | Very low |
Platelet rich plasma vs Placebo or no treatment Adverse events · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | No adverse events were reported in these two trials. | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Glucocorticosteroid antibiotic agent (intrasocket) vs Normal saline Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | OR (exact) 0 [0, 2.42] | 1 study · 19 participants | Ungraded |
Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) vs No cleft lip and/or palate (non-CL/P) Restorative index (RI = f/[d+f]) in the primary dentition · Children in the primary dentition with non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) and comparable children without CL/P Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | Of the five studies for which the RI could be calculated, three of them (Dahllof 1989; Nagappan 2019; Veiga 2016) showed a lower RI for children with CL/P compared to children with no CL/P demonstrating a lower… | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication, self-care or disease management) Psychological distress at treatment completion · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD -0.32 [-0.50, -0.15] | 6 studies · 553 participants | Low |
Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis (any regimen; topical therapy excluded) administered before and/or after tooth extraction vs Placebo Dry socket · People undergoing tooth extraction (21 of 23 trials: healthy patients undergoing impacted third molar extraction; 1… · 1st to 7th day Antibiotics to prevent complications following tooth extractions (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.45, 0.97] | 13 studies · 1882 participants | Low |
Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis (any regimen; topical therapy excluded) administered before and/or after tooth extraction vs Placebo Postsurgical infectious complications · People undergoing tooth extraction (21 of 23 trials: healthy patients undergoing impacted third molar extraction; 1… · 1st to 14th day Antibiotics to prevent complications following tooth extractions (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.19, 0.64] | 12 studies · 1728 participants | Low |
Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis (any regimen; topical therapy excluded) administered before and/or after tooth extraction vs Placebo Swelling (7th day) · People undergoing tooth extraction (21 of 23 trials: healthy patients undergoing impacted third molar extraction; 1… · 7th day Antibiotics to prevent complications following tooth extractions (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.80 [0.50, 1.27] | 4 studies · 452 participants | Very low |
Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis (any regimen; topical therapy excluded) administered before and/or after tooth extraction vs Placebo Pain (continuous, VAS 0-10 cm, 7th day) · People undergoing tooth extraction (21 of 23 trials: healthy patients undergoing impacted third molar extraction; 1… · 6th to 7th day Antibiotics to prevent complications following tooth extractions (2021) · Cochrane | MD -0.26 [-0.59, 0.07] | 4 studies · 422 participants | Very low |
Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis (any regimen; topical therapy excluded) administered before and/or after tooth extraction vs Placebo Presence of pain (dichotomous, yes/no on 6th-7th day) · People undergoing tooth extraction (21 of 23 trials: healthy patients undergoing impacted third molar extraction; 1… · 6th to 7th day Antibiotics to prevent complications following tooth extractions (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.31, 1.12] | 3 studies · 675 participants | Very low |
Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis (any regimen; topical therapy excluded) administered before and/or after tooth extraction vs Placebo Adverse effects · People undergoing tooth extraction (21 of 23 trials: healthy patients undergoing impacted third molar extraction; 1… · 1st to 7th day Antibiotics to prevent complications following tooth extractions (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.46 [0.81, 2.64] | 8 studies · 1277 participants | Very low |
Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis (any regimen; topical therapy excluded) administered before and/or after tooth extraction vs Placebo Trismus (dichotomous, 7th day) · People undergoing tooth extraction (21 of 23 trials: healthy patients undergoing impacted third molar extraction; 1… · 7th day Antibiotics to prevent complications following tooth extractions (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.42, 1.41] | 3 studies · 199 participants | Very low |
Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis (any regimen; topical therapy excluded) administered before and/or after tooth extraction vs Placebo Outcome NR · Immunosuppressed / immunocompromised patients (e.g. HIV infection, AIDS, diabetes, transplants) undergoing tooth… Antibiotics to prevent complications following tooth extractions (2021) · Cochrane | No studies: none of the 23 included trials evaluated tooth extraction in immunocompromised patients; subgroup analysis based on immune status was not possible as no such studies were identified. | 0 studies | No studies |
Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis (any regimen; topical therapy excluded) administered before and/or after tooth extraction vs Placebo Fever (6th-7th day) · People undergoing tooth extraction (21 of 23 trials: healthy patients undergoing impacted third molar extraction; 1… · 6th to 7th day Antibiotics to prevent complications following tooth extractions (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.24, 1.79] | 4 studies · 475 participants | Very low |
Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis (any regimen; topical therapy excluded) administered before and/or after tooth extraction vs Placebo Outcome NR · Patients undergoing tooth extraction for severe dental caries or periodontal disease in general dental practice… Antibiotics to prevent complications following tooth extractions (2021) · Cochrane | No studies in general dental practice for removal of decayed teeth. PUB3 added one routine intra-alveolar extraction trial and one complex oral surgery trial (2 of 23 non-third-molar), but the single intra-alveolar… | 0 studies | No studies |
Fibrin sealant vs Conventional suturing Trismus / maximum mouth opening (mean) · Adults with mandibular third molars requiring removal · 7 days, fibrin sealant vs conventional Surgical techniques for the removal of mandibular wisdom teeth (2020) · Cochrane | MD 3.50 [2.69, 4.31] | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Triangular flap vs Envelope flap Postoperative pain (mean) · Adults with mandibular third molars requiring removal · 24 hours, short triangular vs envelope Surgical techniques for the removal of mandibular wisdom teeth (2020) · Cochrane | MD -0.84 [-1.65, -0.03] | 4 studies · 161 participants | Ungraded |
Lingual split with chisel vs Lingual split with bur Temporary altered tongue sensation · Adults with mandibular third molars requiring removal · <1 month, chisel vs bur Surgical techniques for the removal of mandibular wisdom teeth (2020) · Cochrane | OR 3.06 [0.27, 34.48] | 1 study · 52 participants | Ungraded |
Triangular flap vs Envelope flap Adverse effects (wound dehiscence) · Adults with mandibular third molars requiring removal · up to 30 days Surgical techniques for the removal of mandibular wisdom teeth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 39 participants | Ungraded |