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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
866 questions in 43 reviews · Oral and maxillofacial surgery
current versionsNo studies 188 · 21.7%Ungraded 548 · 63.3%Very low 81 · 9.4%Low 37 · 4.3%Moderate 8 · 0.9%High 4 · 0.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS, adjusted for periodontitis Femur fracture · European GWAS participants · MVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.820 [0.618, 1.087] | 489106 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR Weighted Median From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.058 [0.966, 1.158] | 490700 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS, adjusted for periodontitis Forearm fracture · European GWAS participants · MVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.901 [0.751, 1.081] | 490889 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability Osteoporosis · European GWAS participants · SVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.001 [0.918, 1.093] | 483725 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR Weighted Median From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.985 [0.846, 1.146] | 376746 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of fractures (any site) · General population (both sexes, all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Drinking-water fluoride 1.2 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 1.00 [0.80, 1.24] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS index) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS) Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, MVMR (IVW), adjusted for periodontitis From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.279 [0.955, 1.713] | 376746 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR Maximum Likelihood From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.363 [0.955, 1.947] | 281786 participants | Ungraded |
Orofacial cleft (cleft lip and/or palate) as exposure vs Healthy controls without cleft Gingival Index (GI) · Individuals assessed for periodontal health (mainly children and adolescents, age >2 years) Oral health in patients with cleft lip and palate: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of… (2025) | MD 0.15 [0.11, 0.19] | 4 studies · 488 participants | Low |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR Maximum Likelihood From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.003 [0.874, 1.151] | 376746 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS index) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS) Osteoporosis · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, MVMR (IVW), adjusted for periodontitis From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.165 [1.020, 1.331] | 483725 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS index) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS) Forearm bone mineral density (FA-BMD) · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, SVMR and MVMR (IVW) From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | No causal effect of oral diseases on FA-BMD was found (SVMR and MVMR); no numeric estimate reported in text (see Fig. 3). | 8143 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of femoral fractures · General population (both sexes, all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Drinking-water fluoride 1.8 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 1.06 [0.67, 1.69] | NR | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride concentration vs Null/reference drinking-water fluoride exposure Spine bone mineral density · Females · Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: above 2.35 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | MD 0.07 [0.11, 0.24] | NR | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of fragility fractures · Males · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Males: drinking-water fluoride 1.8 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 0.87 [0.48, 1.58] | 7 studies | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of fragility fractures · General population (both sexes, all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Drinking-water fluoride up to 0.9 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 0.93 [0.84, 1.02] | NR | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability Forearm fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR Weighted Median From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.992 [0.945, 1.042] | 490889 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.097 [0.598, 2.011] | 376746 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability, adjusted for DMFS Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European GWAS participants · MVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.062 [0.991, 1.137] | 490700 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · General population (both sexes, all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Sensitivity (excluding high risk-of-bias studies): 1.27 to 2.27 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | MD 0.05 [0.01, 0.10] | NR | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR Weighted Median From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.181 [0.748, 1.866] | 376746 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS index) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS) Fracture of lumbar spine and pelvis · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, MVMR (IVW), adjusted for periodontitis From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.968 [0.840, 1.114] | 490700 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS index) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS) Fracture of forearm · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, MVMR (IVW), adjusted for periodontitis From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.973 [0.891, 1.063] | 490889 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of fragility fractures · Females (all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Females: drinking-water fluoride 1.1 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 1.13 [0.93, 1.37] | NR | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS Femur fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.893 [0.678, 1.175] | 489106 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Reference (lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability) Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, SVMR (IVW), total causal effect From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.003 [0.875, 1.150] | 376746 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR Weighted Median From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.867 [0.691, 1.087] | 490700 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS index) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS) Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · Postmenopausal women (European ancestry) · Lifelong genetic liability, MVMR (IVW), adjusted for periodontitis From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.422 [1.027, 1.969] | 281786 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS Femur fracture · European GWAS participants · SVMR Maximum Likelihood From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.137 [0.976, 1.325] | 489106 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of fragility fractures · General population (both sexes, all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Drinking-water fluoride 1.8 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 1.05 [0.82, 1.35] | NR | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of fragility fractures · General population (both sexes, all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Sensitivity (excluding high risk-of-bias studies): 0.8-1.5 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 0.93 [0.72, 1.21] | NR | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · General population (both sexes, all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Sensitivity (excluding high risk-of-bias studies): 0.60 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | MD 0.06 [-0.02, 0.13] | NR | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability, adjusted for DMFS Lumbar spine bone mineral density · European GWAS participants · MVMR IVW From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | BETA 0.047 [-0.002, 0.096] | 28498 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS index) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS) Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, SVMR (IVW), total causal effect From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.261 [0.918, 1.732] | 376746 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Reference (lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability) Fracture of lumbar spine and pelvis · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, MVMR (IVW), adjusted for DMFS From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.060 [0.989, 1.135] | 490700 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS, adjusted for periodontitis Osteoporosis · European GWAS participants · MVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.343 [1.015, 1.778] | 483725 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · Females (all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: 0.7-2.35 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | MD 0.06 [-0.01, 0.12] | NR | Ungraded |
Orofacial cleft (cleft lip and/or palate) as exposure vs Healthy controls without cleft Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) · Individuals assessed for periodontal health (mainly children and adolescents, age >2 years) Oral health in patients with cleft lip and palate: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of… (2025) | The loss of clinical attachment level (CAL) is greater in patients with cleft lip and palate than in healthy controls (p < 0.00001) | NR | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of fragility fractures · Females aged over 50 years · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Females over 50 years: drinking-water fluoride 0.45 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 1.00 [0.80, 1.24] | NR | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Bleeding on Probing (BoP) · Cleft lip/palate vs healthy controls Oral health in patients with cleft lip and palate: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of… (2025) | no estimate extracted | 1 study | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability, adjusted for DMFS Forearm fracture · European GWAS participants · MVMR MR-Egger From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 0.992 [0.950, 1.036] | 490889 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Risk of fractures (any site) · General population (both sexes, all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Drinking-water fluoride 4.0 mg/L vs null The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | RR 1.35 [0.94, 1.95] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Reference (lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability) Femoral neck bone mineral density (FN-BMD) · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, SVMR and MVMR (IVW) From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | No causal effect of oral diseases on FN-BMD was found (SVMR and MVMR); no numeric estimate reported in text (see Fig. 3). | 32735 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Reference (lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability) Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, MVMR (IVW), adjusted for DMFS From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.003 [0.546, 1.842] | 376746 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS index) vs Reference (1-SD lower genetically predicted DMFS) Femoral neck bone mineral density (FN-BMD) · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, SVMR and MVMR (IVW) From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | No causal effect of oral diseases on FN-BMD was found (SVMR and MVMR); no numeric estimate reported in text (see Fig. 3). | 32735 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Reference (lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability) Fracture of femur · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, MVMR (IVW), adjusted for DMFS From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.034 [0.963, 1.109] | 489106 participants | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted DMFS (dental caries) vs Lower genetically predicted DMFS Lumbar spine bone mineral density · European GWAS participants · SVMR IVW From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | BETA 0.105 [0.006, 0.205] | 28498 participants | Ungraded |
Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference) Hip/femoral bone mineral density (BMD) · General population (both sexes, all ages) · Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure, Both sexes, main dose-response The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. (2025) | Hip BMD increased in both sexes, linearly in males and non-linearly (starting above 1.2 mg/L) in females (no numeric MD reported in text for main analysis) | NR | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · DMFS, bias-corrected (MR-RAPS/Debiased IVW) From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.401 [1.040, 1.887] | NR | Ungraded |
Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Reference (lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability) Osteoporosis · European-ancestry adults · Lifelong genetic liability, MVMR (IVW), adjusted for DMFS From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. (2025) | OR 1.000 [0.937, 1.067] | 483725 participants | Ungraded |