Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,521 questions in 132 reviews · Hepato-Biliary
current versionsNo studies 303 · 19.9%Ungraded 39 · 2.6%Very low 876 · 57.6%Low 216 · 14.2%Moderate 65 · 4.3%High 22 · 1.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Beta‐blockers plus nitrates(No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and previous oesophageal variceal bleeding Secondary prevention of variceal bleeding in adults with previous oesophageal variceal bleeding due to… (2021) · Cochrane | HR 2.13 [0.79, 5.86] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Portocaval shunt(No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and previous oesophageal variceal bleeding Secondary prevention of variceal bleeding in adults with previous oesophageal variceal bleeding due to… (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.21 [0.05, 0.77] | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Sclerotherapy plus variceal band ligation(No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and previous oesophageal variceal bleeding Secondary prevention of variceal bleeding in adults with previous oesophageal variceal bleeding due to… (2021) · Cochrane | HR 1.83 [0.46, 7.4] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Beta‐blockers(1 RCT; 65 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and previous oesophageal variceal bleeding Secondary prevention of variceal bleeding in adults with previous oesophageal variceal bleeding due to… (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 2.4 [1.35, 4.55] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Variceal band ligation(5 RCTs; 399 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and previous oesophageal variceal bleeding Secondary prevention of variceal bleeding in adults with previous oesophageal variceal bleeding due to… (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.95 [0.62, 1.46] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Variceal band ligation(No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and previous oesophageal variceal bleeding Secondary prevention of variceal bleeding in adults with previous oesophageal variceal bleeding due to… (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 1.92 [0.31, 10.62] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Beta‐blockers plus Sclerotherapy(8 RCTs; 370 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and previous oesophageal variceal bleeding Secondary prevention of variceal bleeding in adults with previous oesophageal variceal bleeding due to… (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.69 [0.43, 1.09] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR No active intervention(4 RCTs; 412 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and previous oesophageal variceal bleeding Secondary prevention of variceal bleeding in adults with previous oesophageal variceal bleeding due to… (2021) · Cochrane | HR 1.2 [0.83, 1.84] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR TIPS(3 RCTs; 189 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and previous oesophageal variceal bleeding Secondary prevention of variceal bleeding in adults with previous oesophageal variceal bleeding due to… (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.94 [0.56, 1.59] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Beta‐blockers plus Nitrates(No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and previous oesophageal variceal bleeding Secondary prevention of variceal bleeding in adults with previous oesophageal variceal bleeding due to… (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.91 [0.53, 1.58] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Portocaval shunt(2 RCTs; 100 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and previous oesophageal variceal bleeding Secondary prevention of variceal bleeding in adults with previous oesophageal variceal bleeding due to… (2021) · Cochrane | HR 1.21 [0.68, 2.15] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Interventions · people with nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Calorie restricted diet(1 trial; 43 participants) · people with nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Aerobic exercise(1 trial; 60 participants) · people with nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Dietary advice plus exercise advice(1 trial; 22 participants) · people with nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Resistance exercise(1 trial; 62 participants) · people with nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Aerobic exercise(1 trial; 220 participants) · people with nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Dietary advice plus exercise advice(2 trials; 287 participants) · people with nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR No active intervention · people with nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Aerobic exercise(2 trials; 252 participants) · people with nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Dietary advice(1 trial; 28 participants) · people with nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Dietary advice plus exercise advice(1 trial; 265 participants) (another trial 25 participants had zero events in both groups) · people with nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.63 | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Mediterranean diet(1 trial; 98 participants) · people with nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Aerobic exercise plus calorie‐restricted diet(1 trial; 100 participants) · people with nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Aerobic exercise plus dietary advice(1 trial; 154 participants) · people with nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Resistance exercise(1 trial; 45 participants) · people with nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Interventions · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Vitamin E plus other antioxidants(1 trial; 36 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Other antioxidants plus other supplements(1 trial; 46 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Other supplements(2 RCT; 136 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | OR 2.39 [0.24, 75.94] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR PUFA(3 RCT; 301 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.31 [0.49, 4] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Vitamin E(2 RCT; 235 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.79 [0.35, 1.77] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Vitamin D(1 RCT; 18 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.3 [0.03, 58.38] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Other antioxidants(1 RCT; 99 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.67 [0.24, 14.73] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Prebiotics/Probiotics/Synbiotics(14 trials; 649 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Amino acids(2 trials; 98 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR PUFA plus vitamin E(1 trial; 70 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR No active intervention · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Vitamin C plus vitamin E(1 trial; 88 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Amino acids plus vitamin C(1 trial; 191 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Oestrogen(1 trial; 78 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Phospholipids plus PUFA plus vitamin E(1 trial; 40 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Phospholipids plus vitamin E plus other antioxidants(1 trial; 138 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Polysaccharides(1 trial; 23 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR PUFA plus other supplements(1 trial; 38 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Vitamin E(1 RCT; 68 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 1.46 [0.48, 4.98] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR PUFA(2 trials; 58 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Amino acids(1 trial; 78 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Other supplements(12 trials; 650 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Other supplements(12 trials; 864 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.33 [0.78, 2.26] | NR | Very low |