Side effects (maternal) ‐ long‐term backache · women in labour
Epidural showed no clear difference in side effects (maternal) ‐ long‐term backache compared with opioids (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Admission to neonatal or intensive care nursery · women in labour
Epidural showed no clear difference in admission to special care baby unit/neonatal intensive care unit (as… compared with opioids (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in labour
Epidural showed no clear difference in apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes compared with opioids (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Lack of pain relief · people with biliary colic
It is very uncertain whether non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drugs changes lack of pain relief compared with opioids (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Cholelithiasis‐related complications · people with biliary colic
It is very uncertain whether non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drugs changes cholelithiasis‐related complications compared with opioids (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Apnoea‐ hypopnoea index (AHI) (events/h) · participants with sleep apnoea prescribed sedatives, hypnotics (including benzodiazepines (BZDs), non‐BZD GABAA receptor agonists ('Z…
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low
Intervention not reported
Oxygen desaturation index (ODI) · participants with sleep apnoea prescribed sedatives, hypnotics (including benzodiazepines (BZDs), non‐BZD GABAA receptor agonists ('Z…
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low
Intervention not reported
Fall in minimum SpO2 · participants with sleep apnoea prescribed sedatives, hypnotics (including benzodiazepines (BZDs), non‐BZD GABAA receptor agonists ('Z…
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low
Pain · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 3 to 5 years CA · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Cognitive and educational outcomes in children more than five years old · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants
It is very uncertain whether fentanyl changes all‐cause mortality during initial hospitalization compared with tramadol (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Severe (defined as stage 3 or greater) retinopathy of prematurity ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Severe (grade 3 or greater) intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on cranial ultrasound ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Pain · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants
1 finding from 1 review
Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 18 to 24 months CA · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 3 to 5 years CA · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Cognitive and educational outcomes in children more than five years old · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 18 to 24 months CA · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found