What do systematic reviews say?

Parenteral nutrition with protein, fat, carbohydrates and branched‐chain amino acids vs 5% dextrose and normal saline

It is very uncertain whether parenteral nutrition with protein, fat, carbohydrates and… changes 1‐year‐survival compared with 5% dextrose and normal saline (very low certainty).

• Nutritional interventions for liver‐transplanted patients 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.61 [0.05, 5.94]
  1 study · 43 participants
  Very low

Parenteral nutrition with protein, fat, carbohydrates and branched‐chain amino acids vs 5% dextrose and normal saline

It is very uncertain whether parenteral nutrition with protein, fat, carbohydrates and… changes 3‐year‐survival compared with 5% dextrose and normal saline (very low certainty).

• Nutritional interventions for liver‐transplanted patients 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.93 [0.23, 3.81]
  1 study · 43 participants
  Very low

Parenteral nutrition with alanyl‐glutamine, protein, fat, carbohydrates and branched‐chain amino acids vs 5% dextrose and normal saline

It is very uncertain whether parenteral nutrition with alanyl‐glutamine, protein, fat,… changes 1‐year‐survival compared with 5% dextrose and normal saline (very low certainty).

• Nutritional interventions for liver‐transplanted patients 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.29 [5e-04, 4.03]
  1 study · 43 participants
  Very low

Parenteral nutrition with alanyl‐glutamine, protein, fat, carbohydrates and branched‐chain amino acids vs 5% dextrose and normal saline

It is very uncertain whether parenteral nutrition with alanyl‐glutamine, protein, fat,… changes 3‐year‐survival compared with 5% dextrose and normal saline (very low certainty).

• Nutritional interventions for liver‐transplanted patients 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.76 [0.18, 3.18]
  1 study · 43 participants
  Very low

Exposure vs no exposure to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds

• Exposure to the smell and taste of milk to accelerate feeding in preterm infants 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 977 participants
  Low

Oral stimulation vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oral stimulation vs non‐oral intervention

• Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 268 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Quality and volume of gastric residual vs quality of gastric residual alone

• Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 87 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ routine monitoring vs no routine monitoring of gastric residual

• Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 334 participants
  Moderate

Nasogastric vs nasojejunal tube feeding

It is very uncertain whether nasogastric changes requirement for parenteral nutrition compared with nasojejunal tube feeding (very low certainty).

• Nasogastric versus nasojejunal tube feeding for severe acute pancreatitis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.39, 2.71]
  2 studies · 80 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to higher feeding interruption requiring parenteral nutrition (low certainty).

• Human milk‐derived fortifier versus bovine milk‐derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.86
  1 study · 125 participants
  Low

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF; pegfilgrastim, single dose) vs Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF; filgrastim, multiple doses)

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF; pegfilgrastim, single… showed no clear difference in normalcy of diet (total parenteral nutrition) compared with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF; filgrastim, multiple…; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: cytokines and growth factors 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Children
  RR 1.00 [0.94, 1.06]
  1 study · 61 participants
  GRADE not reported

GM-CSF vs placebo or no treatment

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) showed no clear difference in normalcy of diet (total parenteral nutrition) compared with placebo or no treatment; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: cytokines and growth factors 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes

  BMT/SCT after conditioning for haematological cancers
  RR 1.10 [0.63, 1.91]
  1 study · 36 participants
  GRADE not reported

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF; palifermin or repifermin), intravenous vs placebo

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF; palifermin or repifermin),… showed no clear difference in normalcy of diet (total parenteral nutrition) compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: cytokines and growth factors 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes

  BMT/SCT after conditioning for haematological cancers
  RR 0.89 [0.58, 1.34]
  4 studies · 714 participants
  GRADE not reported

Epidermal growth factor (EGF), oral spray vs placebo

Epidermal growth factor (EGF), oral spray showed no clear difference in normalcy of diet (total parenteral nutrition) compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: cytokines and growth factors 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Chemoradiotherapy to the head and neck
  RR 1.03 [0.55, 1.94]
  1 study · 136 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

It is very uncertain whether oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed… changes normalcy of diet (days of total parenteral nutrition, TPN) compared with control (no treatment or standard/usual oral care, e.g. saline rinse) (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  High-dose melphalan-based treatment prior to HSCT (haematological cancers)
  MD -2.18 [-4.33, -0.03]
  1 study · 78 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Fluorouracil (5FU) treatment for solid cancers
  Summary of findings for the main comparison (5FU solid cancers): Normalcy of diet (days of total parenteral nutrition) - 'No studies assessed this outcome'.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Mycophenolate mofetil vs methotrexate

Mycophenolate mofetil may leads to lower use of total parenteral nutrition compared with methotrexate (low certainty).

• Mycophenolate mofetil versus methotrexate for prevention of graft‐versus‐host disease in people receiving allogeneic… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.48 [0.26, 0.91]
  2 studies · 129 participants
  Low

Enteral immunonutrion with Supportan vs enteral nutrition (EN) with Fresubin

It is very uncertain whether enteral immunonutrion with Supportan changes immunological rejection episodes compared with enteral nutrition (EN) with Fresubin (very low certainty).

• Nutritional interventions for liver‐transplanted patients 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 84 participants
  Very low

Immunonutrition vs control

Immunonutrition may leads to lower all‐cause mortality compared with control (low certainty).

• Enteral nutrition formulations for acute pancreatitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.49 [0.29, 0.8]
  6 studies · 520 participants
  Low

Immunonutrition vs control

Immunonutrition showed no clear difference in systemic inflammatory response syndrome compared with control (low certainty).

• Enteral nutrition formulations for acute pancreatitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.76, 1.31]
  3 studies · 278 participants
  Low