Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,361 questions · 1,518 findings · 352 reviews

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No studies found 73 · 4.8%GRADE not reported 211 · 13.9%Very low 500 · 32.9%Low 411 · 27.1%Moderate 252 · 16.6%High 71 · 4.7%

Standard‐protein formula vs low‐protein formula

Underweight · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 256 participants
Very low

Standard‐protein formula vs low‐protein formula

Stunting · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 256 participants
Very low

11-16 remaining teeth vs 25-32 remaining teeth

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies

In prospective cohorts, adults with 11-16 teeth had a higher cumulative incidence of ACVD-related events than adults with 25-32 teeth (RR 2.27, 95% CI 1.55 to 3.32; 4 cohort studies, I2=87%); GRADE per-analysis ratings reported in Supplementary File 7 (not available in provided sources).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report
RR 2.27 [1.55, 3.32]
4 studies · 189120 participants
High

Edentulous (0 remaining teeth) vs 1-32 remaining teeth

All-cause mortality (ACM) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies

In prospective cohorts, the multivariable-adjusted HR for all-cause mortality in edentulous adults (0 teeth) vs adults with 1-32 teeth was 1.30 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.40; 7 studies, I2=20%); GRADE per-analysis ratings reported in Supplementary File 7 (not available in provided sources).

4 findings from 1 review

Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report · Multivariable-adjusted
HR 1.30 [1.21, 1.40]
7 studies · 102254 participants
Moderate
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report · Adjusted for age/sex
HR 1.56 [1.48, 1.65]
3 studies · 43734 participants
GRADE not reported
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report
RR 1.94 [1.19, 3.15]
14 studies · 4711667 participants
Low

Show 1 more finding

Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report · Crude
HR 1.73 [1.41, 2.13]
5 studies · 99303 participants
GRADE not reported

17-24 remaining teeth vs 25-32 remaining teeth

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies

In prospective cohorts, adults with 17-24 teeth had a higher cumulative incidence of ACVD-related events than adults with 25-32 teeth (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.45; 4 cohort studies, I2=87%); GRADE per-analysis ratings reported in Supplementary File 7 (not available in provided sources).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report
RR 1.73 [1.22, 2.45]
4 studies · 213202 participants
High

0-19 remaining teeth vs 20-32 remaining teeth

All-cause mortality (ACM) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies

In prospective cohorts, the crude HR for all-cause mortality in adults with 0-19 teeth vs adults with 20-32 teeth was 2.47 (95% CI 2.40 to 2.54; 2 studies, I2=0%); GRADE per-analysis ratings reported in Supplementary File 7 (not available in provided sources).

4 findings from 1 review

Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report · Crude
HR 2.47 [2.40, 2.54]
2 studies · 36379 participants
GRADE not reported
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report
RR 1.84 [1.52, 2.23]
11 studies · 267575 participants
Low
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report · Multivariable-adjusted
HR 1.29 [1.21, 1.37]
10 studies · 305970 participants
Low

Show 1 more finding

Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report · Adjusted for age/sex
HR 1.42 [1.15, 1.75]
5 studies · 212657 participants
GRADE not reported

1-19 remaining teeth vs 20-32 remaining teeth

All-cause mortality (ACM) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies

In prospective cohorts, adults with 1-19 teeth had a higher cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality than adults with 20-32 teeth (RR 1.76, 95% CI 1.41 to 2.19; 8 cohort studies, I2=94%); GRADE per-analysis ratings reported in Supplementary File 7 (not available in provided sources).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report
RR 1.76 [1.41, 2.19]
8 studies · 222572 participants
High

Edentulous (0 remaining teeth) vs 1-32 remaining teeth

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies

In prospective cohorts, the multivariable-adjusted HR for ACVD-related events in edentulous adults (0 teeth) vs adults with 1-32 teeth was 1.21 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.36; 5 studies, I2=35%); GRADE per-analysis ratings reported in Supplementary File 7 (not available in provided sources).

4 findings from 1 review

Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report · Multivariable-adjusted
HR 1.21 [1.07, 1.36]
5 studies · 101938 participants
Moderate
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report · Crude
HR 1.89 [1.80, 1.99]
3 studies · 98122 participants
GRADE not reported
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report
RR 2.93 [1.92, 4.50]
10 studies · 4697021 participants
Moderate

Show 1 more finding

Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report · Adjusted for age/sex
HR 1.49 [1.39, 1.58]
4 studies · 44937 participants
GRADE not reported

0-19 remaining teeth vs 20-32 remaining teeth

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies

In prospective cohorts, the crude HR for ACVD-related events in adults with 0-19 teeth vs adults with 20-32 teeth was 2.27 (95% CI 1.50 to 3.43; 1 study, I2 not applicable (single study)); GRADE per-analysis ratings reported in Supplementary File 7 (not available in provided sources).

4 findings from 1 review

Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report · Crude
HR 2.27 [1.50, 3.43]
1 study · 4380 participants
GRADE not reported
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report · Adjusted for age/sex
HR 1.29 [1.08, 1.53]
3 studies · 186749 participants
GRADE not reported
Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report
RR 1.98 [1.86, 2.10]
4 studies · 191129 participants
Moderate

Show 1 more finding

Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report · Multivariable-adjusted
HR 1.19 [1.13, 1.26]
4 studies · 191129 participants
Moderate

Edentulous (0 remaining teeth) vs 20-32 remaining teeth

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies

In prospective cohorts, edentulous adults (0 teeth) had a higher cumulative incidence of ACVD-related events than adults with 20-32 teeth (RR 2.65, 95% CI 1.77 to 3.98; 2 cohort studies, I2=60%); GRADE per-analysis ratings reported in Supplementary File 7 (not available in provided sources).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report
RR 2.65 [1.77, 3.98]
2 studies · 130669 participants
High

1-19 remaining teeth vs 20-32 remaining teeth

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies

In prospective cohorts, adults with 1-19 teeth had a higher cumulative incidence of ACVD-related events than adults with 20-32 teeth (RR 1.69, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.53; 2 cohort studies, I2=60%); GRADE per-analysis ratings reported in Supplementary File 7 (not available in provided sources).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report
RR 1.69 [1.13, 2.53]
2 studies · 165066 participants
High

Edentulous (0 remaining teeth) vs 20-32 remaining teeth

All-cause mortality (ACM) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies

In prospective cohorts, edentulous adults (0 teeth) had a higher cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality than adults with 20-32 teeth (RR 2.27, 95% CI 1.82 to 2.83; 8 cohort studies, I2=94%); GRADE per-analysis ratings reported in Supplementary File 7 (not available in provided sources).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report
RR 2.27 [1.82, 2.83]
8 studies · 180222 participants
High

0-10 remaining teeth vs 25-32 remaining teeth

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD)-related events (morbidity and mortality) · Adults (any age) with a known number of remaining teeth, followed prospectively in cohort studies

In prospective cohorts, adults with 0-10 teeth had a higher cumulative incidence of ACVD-related events than adults with 25-32 teeth (RR 2.65, 95% CI 1.84 to 3.81; 4 cohort studies, I2=87%); GRADE per-analysis ratings reported in Supplementary File 7 (not available in provided sources).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower Number of Teeth Is Related to Higher Risks for ACVD and Death-Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Survival… 2021 All outcomes
Community-based and clinical cohorts worldwide (all continents); events ascertained from medical records, death certificates/registers, or self-report
RR 2.65 [1.84, 3.81]
4 studies · 193546 participants
High

High protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Rate of weight gain (g/kg/day) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 114 participants
Low

Very high protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Necrotising enterocolitis · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Weight gain · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Moderate

Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Linear growth (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Moderate

Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Growth: head circumference (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

IQ score and Bayley score at 18 months or later · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Necrotising enterocolitis · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found