What do systematic reviews say?

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

• Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 239 participants
  Moderate

Continuous vs intermittent bolus (nasogastric and orogastric tube) milk feeding ‐ all preterm infants less than 1500 grams

• Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for preterm infants less than 1500 grams 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 628 participants
  Low

Continuous vs intermittent bolus (nasogastric and orogastric tube) milk feeding ‐ all preterm infants less than 1500 grams

• Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for preterm infants less than 1500 grams 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 171 participants
  Very low

Continuous vs intermittent bolus (nasogastric and orogastric tube) milk feeding ‐ all preterm infants less than 1500 grams

• Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for preterm infants less than 1500 grams 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 610 participants
  Low

Dietary advice vs oral nutritional supplements

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Dietary advice with or without oral nutritional supplements for disease‐related malnutrition in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Dietary advice vs dietary advice plus oral nutritional supplements

• Dietary advice with or without oral nutritional supplements for disease‐related malnutrition in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 202 participants
  Low

Dietary advice plus supplements vs no advice

• Dietary advice with or without oral nutritional supplements for disease‐related malnutrition in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 400 participants
  Low

Dietary advice vs no advice

• Dietary advice with or without oral nutritional supplements for disease‐related malnutrition in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 148 participants
  Low

Dietary advice plus supplements vs no dietary advice plus no supplements

• Dietary advice with or without oral nutritional supplements for disease‐related malnutrition in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 258 participants
  Low

Liberal vs restrictive transfusion protocols

Liberal showed no clear difference in 30‐Day mortality compared with restrictive transfusion protocols (high certainty).

• Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.86, 1.15]
  31 studies · 16729 participants
  High

Phenobarbital vs diazepam

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 32 participants
  Low

Phenobarbital vs diazepam

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 31 participants
  Low

Phenobarbital vs chlorpromazine

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 87 participants
  Low

Phenobarbital vs chlorpromazine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Phenobarbital and opioid vs opioid

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 20 participants
  Low

Phenobarbital and opioid vs opioid

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Clonidine and opioid vs opioid

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Clonidine and opioid vs opioid

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 80 participants
  Very low

Clonidine and opioid vs phenobarbital and opioid

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 91 participants
  Low

Clonidine and opioid vs phenobarbital and opioid

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 91 participants
  Low