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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

current versions
No studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
High feedback vs low feedback of routine prenatal ultrasound
Maternal anxiety ‐ throughout pregnancy · Pregnant women undergoing routine ultrasound during pregnancy
High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving… (2015) · Cochrane
SMD 0.13 studies · 346 participantsLow
High feedback vs low feedback of routine prenatal ultrasound
Maternal anxiety ‐ In the second trimester · Pregnant women undergoing routine ultrasound during pregnancy
High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving… (2015) · Cochrane
SMD 0.231 study · 40 participantsLow
High feedback vs low feedback of routine prenatal ultrasound
Cessation of alcohol · Pregnant women undergoing routine ultrasound during pregnancy
High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving… (2015) · Cochrane
RR 2.96 [1.15, 7.6]1 study · 129 participantsLow
High feedback vs low feedback of routine prenatal ultrasound
Cessation of smoking · Pregnant women undergoing routine ultrasound during pregnancy
High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving… (2015) · Cochrane
RR 2.93 [1.25, 6.86]1 study · 129 participantsLow
High feedback vs low feedback of routine prenatal ultrasound
Women's views of level of feedback · Pregnant women undergoing routine ultrasound during pregnancy
High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving… (2015) · Cochrane
RR 3.3 [0.73, 14.85]2 studies · 148 participantsVery low
Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data)
Preterm birth (gestational age at time of birth less than 37 weeks' gestation) · pregnant women accessing prenatal care
Group versus conventional antenatal care for women (2015) · Cochrane
RR 0.75 [0.57, 1]3 studies · 1888 participantsModerate
Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data)
Low birthweight (<2500 g) · pregnant women accessing prenatal care
Group versus conventional antenatal care for women (2015) · Cochrane
RR 0.92 [0.68, 1.23]3 studies · 1935 participantsModerate
Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data)
Perinatal mortality (stillbirth or neonatal death) · pregnant women accessing prenatal care
Group versus conventional antenatal care for women (2015) · Cochrane
RR 0.63 [0.32, 1.25]3 studies · 1943 participantsLow
Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data)
Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission (admission of baby to NICU) · pregnant women accessing prenatal care
Group versus conventional antenatal care for women (2015) · Cochrane
RR 1.48 [0.63, 3.45]2 studies · 1315 participantsModerate
Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data)
Satisfaction with antenatal care (possible values 81‐405, Littlefield 1987) · pregnant women accessing prenatal care
Group versus conventional antenatal care for women (2015) · Cochrane
MD 4.9 [3.1, 6.7]1 study · 993 participantsModerate
Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data)
Breastfeeding initiation · pregnant women accessing prenatal care
Group versus conventional antenatal care for women (2015) · Cochrane
RR 1.08 [0.96, 1.2]3 studies · 1943 participantsModerate
Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data)
Spontaneous vaginal birth · pregnant women accessing prenatal care
Group versus conventional antenatal care for women (2015) · Cochrane
RR 0.96 [0.8, 1.15]1 study · 322 participantsHigh
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication)
Perinatal mortality · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
RR 2.05 [0.95, 4.42]4 studies · 1627 participantsLow
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications)
Apgar less than 7 at 5 minutes · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
RR 1.31 [0.3, 5.74]2 studies · 469 participantsVery low
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications)
Admission to neonatal special care unit or intensive care unit · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications)
Neurodevelopmental disability at 12 months of age · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications)
Caesarean section for non‐reassuring or abnormal fetal heart rate patterns · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications)
Women's satisfaction with care · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication)
Caesarean section · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
RR 1.06 [0.88, 1.28]3 studies · 1279 participantsLow
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication)
Apgar less than 7 at 5 minutes · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
RR 0.83 [0.37, 1.88]1 study · 396 participantsVery low
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication)
Admission to neonatal special care unit or intensive care unit · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
RR 1.08 [0.84, 1.39]2 studies · 883 participantsLow
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication)
Neurodevelopmental disability at 12 months of age · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication)
Caesarean section for non‐reassuring or abnormal fetal heart rate patterns · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication)
Women's satisfaction with care · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications)
Perinatal mortality · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
RR 0.2 [0.04, 0.88]2 studies · 469 participantsModerate
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications)
Caesarean section · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
RR 0.87 [0.61, 1.24]1 study · 59 participantsLow
Tranexamic acid vs placebo/no treatment
Blood loss > 400 mL or > 500 mL · pregnant women undergoing vaginal or caesarean birth who received TA for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage
Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (2015) · Cochrane
RR 0.52 [0.42, 0.63]6 studies · 1398 participantsModerate
Tranexamic acid vs placebo/no treatment
Blood loss > 1000 mL · pregnant women undergoing vaginal or caesarean birth who received TA for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage
Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (2015) · Cochrane
RR 0.4 [0.23, 0.71]6 studies · 2093 participantsModerate
Tranexamic acid vs placebo/no treatment
Mean blood loss (mL) · pregnant women undergoing vaginal or caesarean birth who received TA for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage
Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted5 studies · 1186 participantsModerate
Tranexamic acid vs placebo/no treatment
Use of additional medical interventions to control PPH · pregnant women undergoing vaginal or caesarean birth who received TA for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage
Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (2015) · Cochrane
RR 0.48 [0.34, 0.68]5 studies · 2049 participantsModerate
Tranexamic acid vs placebo/no treatment
Maternal death or severe maternal morbidity such as seizure, thromboembolic events, need for intensive care unit admission, hysterectomy, organ failure · pregnant women undergoing vaginal or caesarean birth who received TA for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage
Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted4 studies · 1511 participantsLow
Tranexamic acid vs placebo/no treatment
Side effects · pregnant women undergoing vaginal or caesarean birth who received TA for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage
Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (2015) · Cochrane
RR 2.48 [1.36, 4.5]8 studies · 2616 participantsModerate
Tranexamic acid vs placebo/no treatment
Thromboembolic events · pregnant women undergoing vaginal or caesarean birth who received TA for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage
Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (2015) · Cochrane
RR 0.98 [0.14, 6.78]11 studies · 3012 participantsLow
Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for
Language development ‐ Beyond 24 months · Breastfeeding mothers
Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving… (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 187 participantsModerate
Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for
Intelligence or problem‐solving ability ‐ Beyond 24 months · Breastfeeding mothers
Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving… (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 238 participantsLow
Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for
Psychomotor development ‐ Beyond 24 months · Breastfeeding mothers
Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving… (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 113 participantsLow
Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for
Child attention ‐ Long term beyond 24 months · Breastfeeding mothers
Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving… (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 110 participantsLow
Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for
Child visual acuity ‐ Long term beyond 24 months · Breastfeeding mothers
Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving… (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 111 participantsLow
Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for
Child weight ‐ Long term beyond 24 months · Breastfeeding mothers
Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving… (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted4 studies · 414 participantsModerate
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (neonatal outcomes)
Neural tube defects (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention
Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane
RR 0.31 [0.17, 0.58]5 studies · 6708 participantsHigh
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (maternal outcomes)
Miscarriage (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention
Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane
RR 1.1 [0.94, 1.28]5 studies · 7391 participantsModerate
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (neonatal outcomes)
Cleft lip (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention
Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane
RR 0.79 [0.14, 4.36]3 studies · 5612 participantsLow
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (neonatal outcomes)
Cleft palate (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention
Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane
RR 0.73 [0.05, 10.89]3 studies · 5612 participantsLow
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (neonatal outcomes)
Congenital cardiovascular anomalies (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention
Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane
RR 0.57 [0.24, 1.33]3 studies · 5612 participantsLow
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (neonatal outcomes)
Other congenital anomalies (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention
Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane
RR 0.94 [0.53, 1.66]3 studies · 5612 participantsLow
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (neonatal outcomes)
Neonatal death · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention
Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (maternal outcomes)
Maternal anaemia at or near term (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention
Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (maternal outcomes)
Maternal red blood cell folate at or near term (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention
Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (maternal outcomes)
Serum folate at or near term · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention
Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Tape measurement vs clinical palpation
Neonatal detection of small‐for‐dates · Pregnant women with singleton fetuses who were of 20 weeks' gestation and above.
Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth (2015) · Cochrane
RR 1.32 [0.92, 1.9]1 study · 1639 participantsLow