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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
High feedback vs low feedback of routine prenatal ultrasound Maternal anxiety ‐ throughout pregnancy · Pregnant women undergoing routine ultrasound during pregnancy High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving… (2015) · Cochrane | SMD 0.1 | 3 studies · 346 participants | Low |
High feedback vs low feedback of routine prenatal ultrasound Maternal anxiety ‐ In the second trimester · Pregnant women undergoing routine ultrasound during pregnancy High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving… (2015) · Cochrane | SMD 0.23 | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
High feedback vs low feedback of routine prenatal ultrasound Cessation of alcohol · Pregnant women undergoing routine ultrasound during pregnancy High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.96 [1.15, 7.6] | 1 study · 129 participants | Low |
High feedback vs low feedback of routine prenatal ultrasound Cessation of smoking · Pregnant women undergoing routine ultrasound during pregnancy High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.93 [1.25, 6.86] | 1 study · 129 participants | Low |
High feedback vs low feedback of routine prenatal ultrasound Women's views of level of feedback · Pregnant women undergoing routine ultrasound during pregnancy High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 3.3 [0.73, 14.85] | 2 studies · 148 participants | Very low |
Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data) Preterm birth (gestational age at time of birth less than 37 weeks' gestation) · pregnant women accessing prenatal care Group versus conventional antenatal care for women (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.57, 1] | 3 studies · 1888 participants | Moderate |
Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data) Low birthweight (<2500 g) · pregnant women accessing prenatal care Group versus conventional antenatal care for women (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.68, 1.23] | 3 studies · 1935 participants | Moderate |
Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data) Perinatal mortality (stillbirth or neonatal death) · pregnant women accessing prenatal care Group versus conventional antenatal care for women (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.32, 1.25] | 3 studies · 1943 participants | Low |
Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data) Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission (admission of baby to NICU) · pregnant women accessing prenatal care Group versus conventional antenatal care for women (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.48 [0.63, 3.45] | 2 studies · 1315 participants | Moderate |
Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data) Satisfaction with antenatal care (possible values 81‐405, Littlefield 1987) · pregnant women accessing prenatal care Group versus conventional antenatal care for women (2015) · Cochrane | MD 4.9 [3.1, 6.7] | 1 study · 993 participants | Moderate |
Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data) Breastfeeding initiation · pregnant women accessing prenatal care Group versus conventional antenatal care for women (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.96, 1.2] | 3 studies · 1943 participants | Moderate |
Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data) Spontaneous vaginal birth · pregnant women accessing prenatal care Group versus conventional antenatal care for women (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.8, 1.15] | 1 study · 322 participants | High |
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication) Perinatal mortality · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.05 [0.95, 4.42] | 4 studies · 1627 participants | Low |
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications) Apgar less than 7 at 5 minutes · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.3, 5.74] | 2 studies · 469 participants | Very low |
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications) Admission to neonatal special care unit or intensive care unit · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications) Neurodevelopmental disability at 12 months of age · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications) Caesarean section for non‐reassuring or abnormal fetal heart rate patterns · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications) Women's satisfaction with care · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication) Caesarean section · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.88, 1.28] | 3 studies · 1279 participants | Low |
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication) Apgar less than 7 at 5 minutes · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.37, 1.88] | 1 study · 396 participants | Very low |
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication) Admission to neonatal special care unit or intensive care unit · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.84, 1.39] | 2 studies · 883 participants | Low |
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication) Neurodevelopmental disability at 12 months of age · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication) Caesarean section for non‐reassuring or abnormal fetal heart rate patterns · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication) Women's satisfaction with care · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications) Perinatal mortality · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.04, 0.88] | 2 studies · 469 participants | Moderate |
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications) Caesarean section · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.61, 1.24] | 1 study · 59 participants | Low |
Tranexamic acid vs placebo/no treatment Blood loss > 400 mL or > 500 mL · pregnant women undergoing vaginal or caesarean birth who received TA for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.42, 0.63] | 6 studies · 1398 participants | Moderate |
Tranexamic acid vs placebo/no treatment Blood loss > 1000 mL · pregnant women undergoing vaginal or caesarean birth who received TA for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.23, 0.71] | 6 studies · 2093 participants | Moderate |
Tranexamic acid vs placebo/no treatment Mean blood loss (mL) · pregnant women undergoing vaginal or caesarean birth who received TA for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1186 participants | Moderate |
Tranexamic acid vs placebo/no treatment Use of additional medical interventions to control PPH · pregnant women undergoing vaginal or caesarean birth who received TA for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.34, 0.68] | 5 studies · 2049 participants | Moderate |
Tranexamic acid vs placebo/no treatment Maternal death or severe maternal morbidity such as seizure, thromboembolic events, need for intensive care unit admission, hysterectomy, organ failure · pregnant women undergoing vaginal or caesarean birth who received TA for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1511 participants | Low |
Tranexamic acid vs placebo/no treatment Side effects · pregnant women undergoing vaginal or caesarean birth who received TA for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.48 [1.36, 4.5] | 8 studies · 2616 participants | Moderate |
Tranexamic acid vs placebo/no treatment Thromboembolic events · pregnant women undergoing vaginal or caesarean birth who received TA for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.14, 6.78] | 11 studies · 3012 participants | Low |
Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for Language development ‐ Beyond 24 months · Breastfeeding mothers Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 187 participants | Moderate |
Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for Intelligence or problem‐solving ability ‐ Beyond 24 months · Breastfeeding mothers Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 238 participants | Low |
Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for Psychomotor development ‐ Beyond 24 months · Breastfeeding mothers Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 113 participants | Low |
Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for Child attention ‐ Long term beyond 24 months · Breastfeeding mothers Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Low |
Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for Child visual acuity ‐ Long term beyond 24 months · Breastfeeding mothers Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 111 participants | Low |
Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for Child weight ‐ Long term beyond 24 months · Breastfeeding mothers Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 414 participants | Moderate |
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (neonatal outcomes) Neural tube defects (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 [0.17, 0.58] | 5 studies · 6708 participants | High |
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (maternal outcomes) Miscarriage (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.94, 1.28] | 5 studies · 7391 participants | Moderate |
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (neonatal outcomes) Cleft lip (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.14, 4.36] | 3 studies · 5612 participants | Low |
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (neonatal outcomes) Cleft palate (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.05, 10.89] | 3 studies · 5612 participants | Low |
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (neonatal outcomes) Congenital cardiovascular anomalies (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.24, 1.33] | 3 studies · 5612 participants | Low |
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (neonatal outcomes) Other congenital anomalies (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.53, 1.66] | 3 studies · 5612 participants | Low |
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (neonatal outcomes) Neonatal death · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (maternal outcomes) Maternal anaemia at or near term (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (maternal outcomes) Maternal red blood cell folate at or near term (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Supplementation with folate vs no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate (maternal outcomes) Serum folate at or near term · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Tape measurement vs clinical palpation Neonatal detection of small‐for‐dates · Pregnant women with singleton fetuses who were of 20 weeks' gestation and above. Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.92, 1.9] | 1 study · 1639 participants | Low |