What do systematic reviews say?

Prophylactic CPAP vs very early CPAP

It is very uncertain whether prophylactic CPAP changes death at any time (by 28 days) compared with very early CPAP (very low certainty).

• Prophylactic or very early initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.29, 1.94]
  1 study · 72 participants
  Very low

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

• Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 239 participants
  Moderate

Continuous vs intermittent bolus (nasogastric and orogastric tube) milk feeding ‐ all preterm infants less than 1500 grams

• Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for preterm infants less than 1500 grams 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 628 participants
  Low

Continuous vs intermittent bolus (nasogastric and orogastric tube) milk feeding ‐ all preterm infants less than 1500 grams

• Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for preterm infants less than 1500 grams 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 171 participants
  Very low

Continuous vs intermittent bolus (nasogastric and orogastric tube) milk feeding ‐ all preterm infants less than 1500 grams

• Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for preterm infants less than 1500 grams 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 610 participants
  Low

Dietary advice vs oral nutritional supplements

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Dietary advice with or without oral nutritional supplements for disease‐related malnutrition in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Dietary advice vs dietary advice plus oral nutritional supplements

• Dietary advice with or without oral nutritional supplements for disease‐related malnutrition in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 202 participants
  Low

Dietary advice plus supplements vs no advice

• Dietary advice with or without oral nutritional supplements for disease‐related malnutrition in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 400 participants
  Low

Dietary advice vs no advice

• Dietary advice with or without oral nutritional supplements for disease‐related malnutrition in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 148 participants
  Low

Dietary advice plus supplements vs no dietary advice plus no supplements

• Dietary advice with or without oral nutritional supplements for disease‐related malnutrition in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 258 participants
  Low

Liberal vs restrictive transfusion protocols

Liberal showed no clear difference in 30‐Day mortality compared with restrictive transfusion protocols (high certainty).

• Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.86, 1.15]
  31 studies · 16729 participants
  High

Phenobarbital vs diazepam

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 32 participants
  Low

Phenobarbital vs diazepam

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 31 participants
  Low

Phenobarbital vs chlorpromazine

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 87 participants
  Low

Phenobarbital vs chlorpromazine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Phenobarbital and opioid vs opioid

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 20 participants
  Low

Phenobarbital and opioid vs opioid

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Clonidine and opioid vs opioid

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Clonidine and opioid vs opioid

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 80 participants
  Very low

Clonidine and opioid vs phenobarbital and opioid

• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 91 participants
  Low