What do systematic reviews say?

Antibiotics vs placebo or no antibiotic

• Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 1906 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral vs IV followed by oral (11 days) therapy

• Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 808 participants
  Moderate

Different dosing regimens of aminoglycosides (daily vs 8 hourly)

Different dosing regimens of aminoglycosides (daily showed no clear difference in increase in serum creatinine during treatment compared with 8 hourly) (low certainty).

• Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.2, 2.82]
  3 studies · 419 participants
  Low

Third generation cephalosporins vs other antibiotics

Agent: Third generation cephalosporin showed no clear difference in persistent bacteriuria compared with other antibiotic (low certainty).

• Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.41 [0.98, 5.93]
  3 studies · 439 participants
  Low

Third generation cephalosporins vs other antibiotics

Agent: Third generation cephalosporin showed no clear difference in recurrent UTI after end of therapy compared with other antibiotic (low certainty).

• Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.23 [0.32, 4.74]
  4 studies · 491 participants
  Low

Third generation cephalosporins vs other antibiotics

Agent: Third generation cephalosporin may leads to lower persistent symptoms after end of treatment compared with other antibiotic (low certainty).

• Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.28 [0.13, 0.62]
  3 studies · 471 participants
  Low

Oral vs IV followed by oral (11 days) therapy

Oral showed no clear difference in renal parenchymal damage at 6 to 12 months: all included children… compared with IV followed by oral (11 days) therapy (moderate certainty).

• Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.59, 1.12]
  4 studies · 943 participants
  Moderate

Oral vs IV followed by oral (11 days) therapy

Oral showed no clear difference in renal parenchymal damage at 6 to 12 months: children with renal… compared with IV followed by oral (11 days) therapy (moderate certainty).

• Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.61, 1.03]
  4 studies · 681 participants
  Moderate

Short duration (3 to 4 days) vs long duration (7 to 14 days) IV therapy

Short duration (3 to 4 days) showed no clear difference in persistent bacteriuria after treatment compared with long duration (7 to 14 days) IV therapy (low certainty).

• Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.78 [0.24, 2.55]
  4 studies · 305 participants
  Low

Short duration (3 to 4 days) vs long duration (7 to 14 days) IV therapy

Short duration (3 to 4 days) showed no clear difference in recurrent UTI within 6 months compared with long duration (7 to 14 days) IV therapy (moderate certainty).

• Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.58, 1.62]
  5 studies · 993 participants
  Moderate

Short duration (3 to 4 days) vs long duration (7 to 14 days) IV therapy

Short duration (3 to 4 days) showed no clear difference in persistent renal damage at 3 to 6 months: all included children with… compared with long duration (7 to 14 days) IV therapy (moderate certainty).

• Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.8, 1.29]
  4 studies · 726 participants
  Moderate

Short duration (3 to 4 days) vs long duration (7 to 14 days) IV therapy

Short duration (3 to 4 days) showed no clear difference in persistent renal damage at 3 to 6 months: children with initial… compared with long duration (7 to 14 days) IV therapy (moderate certainty).

• Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.1 [0.84, 1.45]
  3 studies · 315 participants
  Moderate

Different dosing regimens of aminoglycosides (daily vs 8 hourly)

Different dosing regimens of aminoglycosides (daily showed no clear difference in persistent bacteriuria after 1 to 3 days of treatment compared with 8 hourly) (low certainty).

• Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.15, 7.27]
  3 studies · 435 participants
  Low

Different dosing regimens of aminoglycosides (daily vs 8 hourly)

Different dosing regimens of aminoglycosides (daily showed no clear difference in hearing impairment following treatment compared with 8 hourly) (low certainty).

• Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.83 [0.33, 24.56]
  3 studies · 271 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in number of people who had not improved or had not been cured ( (low certainty).

• Over‐the‐counter (OTC) medications to reduce cough as an adjunct to antibiotics for acute pneumonia in children and… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.85 [0.4, 1.8]
  2 studies · 221 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Over‐the‐counter (OTC) medications to reduce cough as an adjunct to antibiotics for acute pneumonia in children and… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 120 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Over‐the‐counter (OTC) medications to reduce cough as an adjunct to antibiotics for acute pneumonia in children and… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 120 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Over‐the‐counter (OTC) medications to reduce cough as an adjunct to antibiotics for acute pneumonia in children and… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Antibiotics vs placebo

Antibiotic showed no clear difference in neonatal sepsis compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Antibiotics for meconium‐stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.21, 4.76]
  1 study · 120 participants
  Low

Antibiotics vs placebo

Antibiotic probably leads to lower chorioamnionitis compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Antibiotics for meconium‐stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.36 [0.21, 0.62]
  2 studies · 362 participants
  Moderate