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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone Neonatal encephalopathy ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate… Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.3, 1.22] | 6 studies · 26410 participants | High |
Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone Fetal blood sampling ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate… Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.41, 0.91] | 4 studies · 9671 participants | High |
Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone Operative vaginal delivery ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate… Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.86, 0.99] | 6 studies · 26446 participants | High |
Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone Admission to neonatal special care unit ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate… Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.89, 1.04] | 6 studies · 26410 participants | High |
Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone Perinatal death ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate… Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.71 [0.67, 4.33] | 6 studies · 26446 participants | High |
Intervention NR Perinatal/neonatal death or severe neonatal morbidity ‐ Low national perinatal mortality rate · women with term breech delivery Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.07 [0.02, 0.29] | 1 study · 1025 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Perinatal/neonatal death or severe neonatal morbidity ‐ High national perinatal mortality rate · women with term breech delivery Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.35, 1.24] | 1 study · 1053 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Birth trauma, as defined by trial authors · women with term breech delivery Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.16, 1.1] | 1 study · 2062 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Death or neurodevelopmental delay at age 2 years · women with term breech delivery Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.52, 2.3] | 1 study · 920 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Caesarean section · women with term breech delivery Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.04 [1.91, 2.17] | 3 studies · 2396 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Short‐term maternal morbidity · women with term breech delivery Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [1.03, 1.61] | 3 studies · 2396 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Any pain after at 3 months · women with term breech delivery Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.93, 1.29] | 1 study · 1593 participants | Low |
Pyridoxine (B6) vs control Eclampsia ‐ Antenatal oral pyridoxine versus control · pregnant women, either during the prenatal period or during labour. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation during pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1242 participants | Ungraded |
Pyridoxine (B6) vs control Pre‐eclampsia ‐ Antenatal oral pyridoxine versus control · pregnant women, either during the prenatal period or during labour. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation during pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.71 [0.85, 3.45] | 2 studies · 1197 participants | Low |
Pyridoxine (B6) vs control Pre‐eclampsia ‐ Antenatal pyridoxine lozenges versus control · pregnant women, either during the prenatal period or during labour. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation during pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [0.64, 3.22] | 1 study · 944 participants | Low |
Pyridoxine (B6) vs control Dental decay (increase in decayed, missing or filled teeth) ‐ Antenatal oral pyridoxine versus control · pregnant women, either during the prenatal period or during labour. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation during pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.71, 0.98] | 1 study · 371 participants | Low |
Pyridoxine (B6) vs control Dental decay (increase in decayed, missing or filled teeth) ‐ Antenatal pyridoxine lozenges versus control · pregnant women, either during the prenatal period or during labour. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation during pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.56, 0.83] | 1 study · 342 participants | Low |
Pyridoxine (B6) vs control Preterm birth (before 37 completed weeks of gestation) · pregnant women, either during the prenatal period or during labour. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation during pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Pyridoxine (B6) vs control Low birthweight · pregnant women, either during the prenatal period or during labour. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation during pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Beta stimulant vs placebo Cephalic presentation at birth (primary) · patients with breech presentation Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.68 [1.14, 2.48] | 5 studies · 459 participants | Low |
Regional analgesia (with tocolysis) vs no intervention of regional analgesia (with or without tocolysis) Caesarean section (primary) · patients with breech presentation Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.4, 1.37] | 3 studies · 279 participants | Very low |
Regional analgesia (with tocolysis) vs no intervention of regional analgesia (with or without tocolysis) Fetal bradycardia (primary) · patients with breech presentation Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.48 [0.62, 3.57] | 2 studies · 210 participants | Low |
Regional analgesia (with tocolysis) vs no intervention of regional analgesia (with or without tocolysis) Failed external cephalic version · patients with breech presentation Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.43, 0.86] | 5 studies · 409 participants | Moderate |
Regional analgesia (with tocolysis) vs no intervention of regional analgesia (with or without tocolysis) Perinatal morbidity · patients with breech presentation Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Regional analgesia (with tocolysis) vs no intervention of regional analgesia (with or without tocolysis) Perinatal mortality · patients with breech presentation Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Beta stimulant vs placebo Cephalic vaginal birth not achieved (CS + breech vaginal birth) primary outcome · patients with breech presentation Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.6, 0.92] | 4 studies · 399 participants | Moderate |
Beta stimulant vs placebo Caesarean section (primary) · patients with breech presentation Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.67, 0.88] | 6 studies · 742 participants | Moderate |
Beta stimulant vs placebo Fetal bradycardia (primary) · patients with breech presentation Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.81 [0.12, 66.17] | 1 study · 58 participants | Very low |
Beta stimulant vs placebo Failed external cephalic version · patients with breech presentation Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.6, 0.82] | 9 studies · 900 participants | Moderate |
Beta stimulant vs placebo Perinatal mortality · patients with breech presentation Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Beta stimulant vs placebo Perinatal morbidity · patients with breech presentation Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Regional analgesia (with tocolysis) vs no intervention of regional analgesia (with or without tocolysis) Cephalic presentation at birth (primary) · patients with breech presentation Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.63 [0.75, 3.53] | 3 studies · 279 participants | Very low |
Regional analgesia (with tocolysis) vs no intervention of regional analgesia (with or without tocolysis) Cephalic vaginal birth not achieved (CS + breech vaginal birth) (primary) · patients with breech presentation Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.47, 0.89] | 1 study · 108 participants | Low |
Single‐dose antibiotic vs short‐course (four‐ to seven‐day) antibiotic No cure ‐ all trials · patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.87, 1.88] | 13 studies · 1502 participants | Very low |
Single‐dose antibiotic vs short‐course (four‐ to seven‐day) antibiotic Recurrent asymptomatic bacteriuria ‐ all trials · patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.77, 1.66] | 8 studies · 445 participants | Very low |
Single‐dose antibiotic vs short‐course (four‐ to seven‐day) antibiotic Pyelonephritis ‐ Same antimicrobial agent only4 · patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 3.09 [0.54, 17.55] | 2 studies · 102 participants | Very low |
Single‐dose antibiotic vs short‐course (four‐ to seven‐day) antibiotic Low birthweight ‐ Same antimicrobial agent only · patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.65 [1.06, 2.57] | 1 study · 714 participants | High |
Single‐dose antibiotic vs short‐course (four‐ to seven‐day) antibiotic Preterm delivery ‐ Same antimicrobial agent only · patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.77, 1.78] | 3 studies · 804 participants | Moderate |
Single‐dose antibiotic vs short‐course (four‐ to seven‐day) antibiotic Side effects ‐ all trials · patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.56, 0.88] | 12 studies · 1460 participants | Low |
Single‐dose antibiotic vs short‐course (four‐ to seven‐day) antibiotic Same antimicrobial agent ‐ No cure (good quality studies) · patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.72 [1.27, 2.33] | 2 studies · 803 participants | High |
Single‐dose antibiotic vs short‐course (four‐ to seven‐day) antibiotic Different antimicrobial agents ‐ No cure (good quality studies) · patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [0.24, 7.75] | 1 study · 84 participants | Low |
Reduced number of antenatal care visits/goal‐oriented vs standard antenatal care visits Maternal death · low‐risk pregnancy Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low‐risk pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.5, 2.57] | 3 studies · 51504 participants | Low |
Reduced number of antenatal care visits/goal‐oriented vs standard antenatal care visits Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including pre‐eclampsia) · low‐risk pregnancy Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low‐risk pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.8, 1.12] | 6 studies · 54108 participants | Low |
Reduced number of antenatal care visits/goal‐oriented vs standard antenatal care visits Perinatal death · low‐risk pregnancy Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low‐risk pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [1, 1.31] | 5 studies · 56431 participants | Moderate |
Reduced number of antenatal care visits/goal‐oriented vs standard antenatal care visits Preterm birth · low‐risk pregnancy Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low‐risk pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.94, 1.11] | 7 studies · 53661 participants | Moderate |
Reduced number of antenatal care visits/goal‐oriented vs standard antenatal care visits Small‐for‐gestational age · low‐risk pregnancy Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low‐risk pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.91, 1.09] | 4 studies · 43045 participants | Moderate |
Reduced number of antenatal care visits/goal‐oriented vs standard antenatal care visits Neonatal intensive care unit admission · low‐risk pregnancy Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low‐risk pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.79, 1.02] | 5 studies · 43048 participants | Moderate |
Rutoside vs placebo Woman's perception of pain (as defined by trialists) · Pregnant women with varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Rutoside vs placebo Complications associated with varicose veins and leg oedema (deep vein thrombosis) · Pregnant women with varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.17 [0.01, 3.49] | 1 study · 69 participants | Moderate |
Rutoside vs placebo Symptoms associated with varicose veins and oedema (improvement in symptoms) · Pregnant women with varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.89 [1.11, 3.22] | 1 study · 69 participants | Moderate |