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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Anti‐D administration in pregnancy vs no treatment Incidence of Rhesus D alloimmunisation during pregnancy · Rh‐negative women without anti‐D antibodies Anti‐D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.15, 1.17] | 2 studies · 3902 participants | Low |
Anti‐D administration in pregnancy vs no treatment Incidence of Rhesus D alloimmunisation postpartum (at birth of Rh‐positive infant and at · Rh‐negative women without anti‐D antibodies Anti‐D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.1, 1.62] | 2 studies · 2048 participants | Low |
Anti‐D administration in pregnancy vs no treatment Incidence of Rhesus D alloimmunisation in a subsequent pregnancy · Rh‐negative women without anti‐D antibodies Anti‐D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Anti‐D administration in pregnancy vs no treatment Incidence of positive Kleihauer test (at 32 to 35 weeks' gestation) · Rh‐negative women without anti‐D antibodies Anti‐D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.41, 0.88] | 1 study · 1884 participants | Low |
Anti‐D administration in pregnancy vs no treatment Incidence of positive Kleihauer test (at birth of a Rh‐positive infant) · Rh‐negative women without anti‐D antibodies Anti‐D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.46, 0.79] | 1 study · 1189 participants | Low |
Anti‐D administration in pregnancy vs no treatment Neonatal jaundice · Rh‐negative women without anti‐D antibodies Anti‐D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.26 [0.03, 2.3] | 1 study · 1882 participants | Very low |
Anti‐D administration in pregnancy vs no treatment Adverse events attributed to anti‐D treatment · Rh‐negative women without anti‐D antibodies Anti‐D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Nutritional education vs no counselling or education during pregnancy Perinatal mortality · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs control or no intervention Neonatal death · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.43, 1.07] | 5 studies · 3381 participants | Low |
Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs control or no intervention Small‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.69, 0.9] | 7 studies · 4408 participants | Moderate |
Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs control or no intervention Preterm birth · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.8, 1.16] | 5 studies · 3384 participants | Moderate |
Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs control or no intervention Birthweight (g) · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 5385 participants | Moderate |
Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs control or no intervention Weekly gestational weight gain (g/week) · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 2391 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Perinatal mortality · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Stillbirth · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.31, 2.15] | 1 study · 529 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Neonatal death · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.78 [0.75, 10.36] | 1 study · 529 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Small‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.58 [1.03, 2.41] | 1 study · 505 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Preterm birth · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.83, 1.56] | 1 study · 505 participants | Low |
Nutritional education vs no counselling or education during pregnancy Stillbirth · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.37 [0.07, 1.9] | 1 study · 431 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Birthweight (g) · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 504 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Weekly gestational weight gain (g) · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 486 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Perinatal mortality · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Stillbirth · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Neonatal death · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Small‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Preterm birth · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Birthweight (g) · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 184 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Weekly gestational weight gain (g/week) · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 184 participants | Very low |
Nutritional education vs no counselling or education during pregnancy Neonatal death · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.35, 4.72] | 1 study · 448 participants | Low |
Nutritional education vs no counselling or education during pregnancy Small‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.45, 2.11] | 1 study · 404 participants | Low |
Nutritional education vs no counselling or education during pregnancy Preterm birth · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.21, 0.98] | 2 studies · 449 participants | Low |
Nutritional education vs no counselling or education during pregnancy Birthweight (g) · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 320 participants | Low |
Nutritional education vs no counselling or education during pregnancy Total gestational weight gain (kg) · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 233 participants | Very low |
Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs control or no intervention Perinatal mortality · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs control or no intervention Stillbirth · pregnant women Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.39, 0.94] | 5 studies · 3408 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Vaginal cephalic birth not achieved · women with breech presentation External cephalic version for breech presentation at term (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.33, 0.62] | 7 studies · 1253 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Caesarean section · women with breech presentation External cephalic version for breech presentation at term (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.4, 0.82] | 8 studies · 1305 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes · women with breech presentation External cephalic version for breech presentation at term (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.29, 1.36] | 5 studies · 428 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Umbilical vein pH < 7.20 · women with breech presentation External cephalic version for breech presentation at term (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.17, 2.44] | 1 study · 52 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Neonatal admission · women with breech presentation External cephalic version for breech presentation at term (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.48, 1.34] | 4 studies · 368 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Perinatal death · women with breech presentation External cephalic version for breech presentation at term (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.09, 1.64] | 8 studies · 1305 participants | Low |
External cephalic version (ECV) commenced before term vs ECV at term Non‐cephalic presentation at the birth · women with breech presentation before term External cephalic version for breech presentation before term (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.74, 0.9] | 3 studies · 1906 participants | High |
External cephalic version (ECV) commenced before term vs ECV at term Vaginal cephalic birth not achieved (caesarean section + vaginal breech birth) · women with breech presentation before term External cephalic version for breech presentation before term (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.83, 0.97] | 3 studies · 1888 participants | High |
External cephalic version (ECV) commenced before term vs ECV at term Caesarean section · women with breech presentation before term External cephalic version for breech presentation before term (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.85, 1] | 3 studies · 1888 participants | High |
External cephalic version (ECV) commenced before term vs ECV at term Vaginal breech birth · women with breech presentation before term External cephalic version for breech presentation before term (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.25, 0.78] | 3 studies · 1888 participants | High |
External cephalic version (ECV) commenced before term vs ECV at term Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes · women with breech presentation before term External cephalic version for breech presentation before term (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.39, 3.44] | 2 studies · 1759 participants | Low |
External cephalic version (ECV) commenced before term vs ECV at term Perinatal mortality (Stillbirth or neonatal mortality < 7 days) · women with breech presentation before term External cephalic version for breech presentation before term (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.23 [0.04, 1.34] | 3 studies · 1887 participants | Low |
External cephalic version (ECV) commenced before term vs ECV at term Preterm birth < 37 weeks · women with breech presentation before term External cephalic version for breech presentation before term (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.51 [1.03, 2.21] | 3 studies · 1888 participants | High |
Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone Caesarean section ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate… Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.96, 1.08] | 6 studies · 26446 participants | High |
Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone Cord pH less than 7.05 and base deficit greater than 12 mmol/L ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate… Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.43, 1.2] | 6 studies · 25682 participants | Moderate |