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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
866 questions in 43 reviews · Oral and maxillofacial surgery
current versionsNo studies 188 · 21.7%Ungraded 548 · 63.3%Very low 81 · 9.4%Low 37 · 4.3%Moderate 8 · 0.9%High 4 · 0.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) vs No cleft lip and/or palate (non-CL/P) Care index (CI = f/[d+m+f]) in the primary dentition · Children in the primary dentition with non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) and comparable children without CL/P Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | Two out of three studies for which the CI could be calculated (Nagappan 2019; Veiga 2016) showed a higher CI for non-CL/P children demonstrating a higher proportion of extraction-based treatment in CL/P children… | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Concentrated growth factor (CGF) and primary wound closure vs Primary wound closure only Healing of MRONJ (soft tissue healing) · Women with osteoporosis and established MRONJ · 6 months Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.81, 2.34] | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Platelet-rich fibrin after bone surgery vs Bone surgery alone Healing of MRONJ (mucosal integrity and absence of infection) · People with established (manifest) MRONJ · 1 year Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.90, 1.22] | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low |
Hypnosis vs Relaxation Adverse events · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | Abrahamsen 2011: one participant who received hypnosis was admitted to a psychiatric hospital during the intervention; per study authors this was unrelated to the study treatment. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Heal-all tissue patch vs No treatment Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.08 [0.00, 1.32] | 1 study · 80 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine rinse (0.12% and 0.2%, pre- and post-extraction) vs Placebo or no treatment Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.38 [0.25, 0.58] | 6 studies · 1547 participants | Moderate |
Gaseous ozone vs Placebo or control Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.20 [0.02, 1.61] | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Artemisia desertorum spreng (Shahaosan) vs Placebo Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.02, 1.02] | 1 study · 188 participants | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication, self-care or disease management) Additional physical symptoms · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | This outcome was not measured (not synthesised for this comparison; review-wide only one study reported additional physical symptoms). | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Quality of life · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | This outcome was not measured for this comparison. | NR | No studies |
Mindfulness plus medication vs Medication alone Pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | Shevtsova 2020: data could not be combined; both groups achieved at least a 30% reduction in pain from baseline at treatment completion and follow-up (Table 1). No between-group MD reported. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication, self-care or disease management) Disability caused by pain at treatment completion · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD -0.15 [-0.40, 0.10] | 3 studies · 245 participants | Low |
Zinc oxide eugenol vs Alvogyl (old formulation) Healing · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | Healing: 2 studies (Faizel 2015; Supe 2018) used different healing outcomes and could not be combined; Alvogyl appeared to heal faster than zinc oxide eugenol. Supe 2018: delayed (non-healed after 10 days) 2/25 Alvogyl… | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Platelet-rich fibrin after bone surgery vs Bone surgery alone Healing of MRONJ (mucosal integrity, absence of infection, and no re-intervention) · People with established (manifest) MRONJ · 1 year Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.60 [1.04, 2.46] | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low |
Alvogyl vs Platelet rich fibrin Pain · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | Alvogyl versus platelet rich fibrin (Keshini 2020): single study (30 participants); no usable pooled estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Metronidazole (intrasocket) vs Placebo Duration of treatment (days) · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | MD -3.17 [-5.30, -1.04] | 1 study · 55 participants | Ungraded |
Delicate surgery and wound closure by primary intention vs Non-traumatic tooth avulsion and wound closure by secondary intention Rate of complications and side effects of the intervention · People treated with oral bisphosphonates undergoing dental extractions (at risk of MRONJ) Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | No intraoperative complications were observed in either of the two groups. | 1 study · 700 participants | Ungraded |
Autofluorescence-guided bone surgery vs Conventional bone surgery Healing of MRONJ · People with established (manifest) MRONJ · 1 year Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.85, 1.37] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Caries experience - % with caries (descriptive), primary dentition · CL/P vs no CL/P; Table 4 (7 groups/6 studies) Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | % caries experience CL/P 64.84% vs no CL/P 52.13% | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Povidone iodine 1% vs Control Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.14, 0.98] | 1 study · 189 participants | Ungraded |
Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) vs Alvogyl Pain (VAS cm) · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction · Day 7 (also day 3) Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | MD -0.40 [-1.77, 0.97] | 1 study · 44 participants | Ungraded |
Recombinant bovine fibroblast growth factor gel vs Control Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.10 [0.01, 0.76] | 1 study · 160 participants | Ungraded |
Neocone vs Zinc oxide eugenol Time to initial pain relief (minutes) · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction · Initial pain relief Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | MD -7.77 [-8.86, -6.68] | 1 study · 78 participants | Ungraded |
Relaxation vs Occlusal (oral) appliance Adverse events · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Adolescents (12-19 years) Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | Wahlund 2015: reported no adverse treatment effects from treatment with an occlusal appliance or with relaxation therapy. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Pain intensity at follow-up (12 months) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Follow-up (12 months) Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD -0.30 [-0.51, -0.09] | 6 studies · 639 participants | Low |
Platelet rich fibrin vs Control Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.15, 1.35] | 1 study · 100 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine rinse (0.12% and 0.2%, pre- and post-extraction) vs Placebo or no treatment Adverse events · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | 3 trials reported no adverse events. 1 study reported adverse events (alterations in taste, bad taste, staining) in 24/62 in chlorhexidine group versus 0/40 in placebo group, Peto OR = 8.42 (95% CI 3.31 to 21.39). A… | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Iodine tampon vs Saline irrigation (monoject syringe) Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | Iodine tampon versus rinsing with saline in a syringe (Tuk 2019): Iodine tampon 0/54 Monoject with saline 0/54; no events (effect not estimable) | 1 study · 108 participants | Ungraded |
Hypnosis vs Relaxation Pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | Not pooled (clinical heterogeneity). Abrahamsen 2011: MD -1.00 (95% CI -2.27 to 0.27), n=38 (hypnosis 19, relaxation 19); Stam 1984: MD not reported, n=27 (hypnosis 12, relaxation 15). | 2 studies · 65 participants | Ungraded |
Habit reversal treatment vs Waiting-list control Pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | MD -1.31 [-1.97, -0.65] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Caries experience - mean dft (descriptive), primary dentition · CL/P vs no CL/P; Table 4 (1 group/1 study, Howe 2017) Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | Mean dft (SD) CL/P 0.59 (SD 1.35) vs no CL/P 0.11 (SD 0.54) | 1 study | Ungraded |
Alvogyl vs No treatment Pain (VAS) · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | Alvogyl versus No treatment (Kaya 2011): data not usable (medians presented with error bars). Text reports differences in clinical signs and symptoms between control and all 3 treatment groups significant (P<0.05) at… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Isolated cleft palate (CP) or other specific cleft type vs Cleft lip and palate (CLP) or other cleft type Caries experience by cleft type · Children in the primary dentition with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | Five studies investigated caries experience by cleft type (Howe 2017; Kirchberg 2014; Mutarai 2008; Sunderji 2017; Zhu 2010). A subgroup analysis comparing CP and CL/P as different entities was not possible due to the… | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) vs No cleft lip and/or palate (non-CL/P) Caries experience in the primary dentition (dmft/dmfs/dfs/deft/ds; pooled as standardized mean difference) · Children in the primary dentition with non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) and comparable children without CL/P · Mixed dentition Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | SMD 1.74 [0.24, 3.25] | 4 studies · 789 participants | Ungraded |
Education vs Usual care Pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | Lupton 1968: multi-arm study; education arm versus usual care. No usable pain-reduction data reported and could not be combined in meta-analysis (Table 1). | 1 study | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication, self-care or disease management) Disability caused by pain at follow-up · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Follow-up Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD -0.15 [-0.42, 0.12] | 3 studies · 245 participants | Low |
Delicate surgery and wound closure by primary intention vs Non-traumatic tooth avulsion and wound closure by secondary intention Incidence of MRONJ · People treated with oral bisphosphonates undergoing dental extractions (at risk of MRONJ) Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | In both study arms, no case of postoperative MRONJ was observed (700 participants; 1 RCT); effect not estimable. | 1 study · 700 participants | Ungraded |
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) together with platelet-rich fibrin vs Platelet-rich fibrin alone Healing of MRONJ · People with established (manifest) MRONJ · 16 weeks Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.10 [0.94, 1.29] | 1 study · 55 participants | Very low |
Zinc oxide eugenol vs Alvogyl (old formulation) Pain (VAS 0-10) · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction · Day 7 Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | MD 1.40 [1.04, 1.75] | 2 studies · 80 participants | Very low |
Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) vs No cleft lip and/or palate (non-CL/P) Caries experience in the primary dentition (dmft/dmfs/dfs/deft/ds; pooled as standardized mean difference) · Children in the primary dentition with non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) and comparable children without CL/P · Primary dentition Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | SMD 0.27 [0.06, 0.49] | 10 studies · 2366 participants | Ungraded |
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) as an adjunct to conventional therapy vs Conventional therapy Healing of MRONJ · People with established (manifest) MRONJ · up to 24 months (at last follow-up) Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.56 [0.77, 3.18] | 1 study · 46 participants | Very low |
CBT plus hypnosis (combined package) vs Usual care Pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | MD -2.32 [-3.52, -1.12] | 1 study · 59 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine rinse (0.2%) pre- and post-extraction vs Chlorhexidine rinse (0.2%) post-extraction only Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.15, 2.17] | 1 study · 99 participants | Ungraded |
Neocone vs Zinc oxide eugenol Time to complete resolution of pain (days) · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction · Complete resolution of pain Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | MD -3.79 [-4.04, -3.54] | 1 study · 78 participants | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Pain disability at treatment completion · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD 0.02 [-0.21, 0.24] | 3 studies · 315 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Caries experience - mean dfs (descriptive), primary dentition · CL/P vs no CL/P; Table 4 (1 group/1 study, Dahllof 1989) Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | Mean dfs (SD) CL/P 7 (SD 8.5) vs no CL/P 3.9 (SD 5.1) | 1 study | Ungraded |
Counselling (non-directive) vs Usual care Pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | Lupton 1968: multi-arm study; counselling arm versus usual care. No usable pain-reduction data reported and could not be combined in meta-analysis (Table 1). | 1 study | Ungraded |
Dental examinations at three-month intervals and preventive treatments vs Standard care MRONJ (incidence proportion) · Men with metastatic prostate cancer receiving intravenous zoledronic acid (at risk of MRONJ) · mean 32 months Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.10 [0.02, 0.39] | 1 study · 253 participants | Very low |
Metronidazole gel (25%, intrasocket) vs Placebo gel Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.23, 1.20] | 1 study · 302 participants | Ungraded |
Herbal mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthrinse Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.50 [0.05, 5.17] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |