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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Metformin vs active control Kidney failure · preventing the progression of CKD Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Metformin vs active control UACR (% change) ( · preventing the progression of CKD Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 3836 participants | Low |
Metformin vs placebo All‐cause death ( · preventing the progression of CKD Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.76, 1.32] | 3 studies · 865 participants | Very low |
Metformin vs placebo Serious adverse events ( · preventing the progression of CKD Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.76, 1.72] | 3 studies · 576 participants | Moderate |
Metformin vs placebo Withdrew due to intolerance ( · preventing the progression of CKD Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease (2024) · Cochrane | RR 2.19 [1.46, 3.27] | 4 studies · 646 participants | Moderate |
Metformin vs placebo Dose tolerability ( · preventing the progression of CKD Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 576 participants | Moderate |
Metformin vs placebo Kidney failure (median · preventing the progression of CKD Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.17, 8.49] | 1 study · 753 participants | Very low |
Metformin vs placebo Change in proteinuria (1 year) · preventing the progression of CKD Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 100 participants | Very low |
Metformin vs active control eGFR: change (4 years) · preventing the progression of CKD Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 3914 participants | Very low |
Metformin vs active control All‐cause death ( · preventing the progression of CKD Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.63, 1.43] | 3 studies · 5608 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sodium modelling vs slow dialysis Dialysis dysequilibrium syndrome · haemodialysis patients Interventions for preventing haemodialysis dysequilibrium syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ High sodium dialysate vs standard sodium dialysate Duration of hospital stay ‐ not reported · haemodialysis patients Interventions for preventing haemodialysis dysequilibrium syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sodium modelling vs slow dialysis Severe dialysis dysequilibrium syndrome · haemodialysis patients Interventions for preventing haemodialysis dysequilibrium syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sodium modelling vs slow dialysis Death · haemodialysis patients Interventions for preventing haemodialysis dysequilibrium syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sodium modelling vs slow dialysis Adverse events · haemodialysis patients Interventions for preventing haemodialysis dysequilibrium syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.15, 11.64] | 1 study · 15 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sodium modelling vs slow dialysis Duration of hospital stay ‐ not reported · haemodialysis patients Interventions for preventing haemodialysis dysequilibrium syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ High sodium dialysate vs standard sodium dialysate Dialysis dysequilibrium syndrome · haemodialysis patients Interventions for preventing haemodialysis dysequilibrium syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.07 [0, 1.12] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ High sodium dialysate vs standard sodium dialysate Severe dialysis dysequilibrium syndrome · haemodialysis patients Interventions for preventing haemodialysis dysequilibrium syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.02, 10.32] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ High sodium dialysate vs standard sodium dialysate Death · haemodialysis patients Interventions for preventing haemodialysis dysequilibrium syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ High sodium dialysate vs standard sodium dialysate Adverse events · haemodialysis patients Interventions for preventing haemodialysis dysequilibrium syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.08, 1.02] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors vs placebo All‐cause death median · people with CKD and diabetes Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for people with chronic kidney disease and diabetes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.81, 0.92] | 20 studies · 44397 participants | High |
Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors vs placebo 3P‐MACE median · people with CKD and diabetes Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for people with chronic kidney disease and diabetes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.81, 0.98] | 7 studies · 38320 participants | Moderate |
Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors vs placebo 4P‐MACE median · people with CKD and diabetes Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for people with chronic kidney disease and diabetes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.7, 0.96] | 4 studies · 23539 participants | Moderate |
Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors vs placebo Kidney composite outcome median · people with CKD and diabetes Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for people with chronic kidney disease and diabetes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.59, 0.78] | 7 studies · 36380 participants | High |
Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors vs placebo Kidney failure median · people with CKD and diabetes Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for people with chronic kidney disease and diabetes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.62, 0.79] | 6 studies · 11232 participants | High |
Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors vs placebo Hypoglycaemia requiring third‐party assistance median · people with CKD and diabetes Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for people with chronic kidney disease and diabetes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.65, 0.88] | 14 studies · 26478 participants | High |
Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors vs placebo Diabetic ketoacidosis median · people with CKD and diabetes Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for people with chronic kidney disease and diabetes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 2.05 [1.34, 3.14] | 13 studies · 38710 participants | Moderate |
Any cranberry product vs placebo or control Symptomatic, culture‐verified UTI Women with recurrent UTI · preventing UTI Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.55, 0.99] | 8 studies · 1555 participants | Moderate |
Any cranberry product vs placebo or control Symptomatic, culture‐verified UTI Elderly men and women in institutions · preventing UTI Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.67, 1.3] | 3 studies · 1489 participants | Moderate |
Any cranberry product vs placebo or control Symptomatic, culture‐verified UTI Children · preventing UTI Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.36, 0.78] | 4 studies · 428 participants | Moderate |
Any cranberry product vs placebo or control Symptomatic, culture‐verified UTI Adults with bladder emptying issues or multiple sclerosis · preventing UTI Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.78, 1.19] | 3 studies · 464 participants | Low |
Any cranberry product vs placebo or control Symptomatic, culture‐verified UTI People with a susceptibility to a UTI due to an intervention · preventing UTI Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 | 6 studies · 1434 participants | Low |
Any cranberry product vs placebo or control Gastrointestinal adverse events · preventing UTI Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [1, 1.77] | 10 studies · 2166 participants | Moderate |
Prednisone vs placebo or supportive treatment Persistent kidney disease at any time after treatment · patients with IgAV Interventions for preventing and treating kidney disease in IgA vasculitis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.42, 1.32] | 5 studies · 746 participants | Moderate |
Prednisone vs placebo or supportive treatment Children with any continuing kidney disease at 3 months · patients with IgAV Interventions for preventing and treating kidney disease in IgA vasculitis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.46, 1.52] | 4 studies · 655 participants | Moderate |
Prednisone vs placebo or supportive treatment Children with any continuing kidney disease at 6 months · patients with IgAV Interventions for preventing and treating kidney disease in IgA vasculitis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.24, 1.11] | 3 studies · 379 participants | Moderate |
Prednisone vs placebo or supportive treatment Children with any continuing kidney disease at 12 months · patients with IgAV Interventions for preventing and treating kidney disease in IgA vasculitis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.38, 2.91] | 3 studies · 455 participants | Low |
Prednisone vs placebo or supportive treatment Any continuing kidney disease at 3 months (study with high risk of bias excluded) · patients with IgAV Interventions for preventing and treating kidney disease in IgA vasculitis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.7, 1.36] | 3 studies · 487 participants | High |
Prednisone vs placebo or supportive treatment Any continuing kidney disease at 12 months (study with high risk of bias excluded) · patients with IgAV Interventions for preventing and treating kidney disease in IgA vasculitis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.39 [0.75, 2.59] | 2 studies · 287 participants | Moderate |
Prednisone vs placebo or supportive treatment Number developing severe kidney disease · patients with IgAV Interventions for preventing and treating kidney disease in IgA vasculitis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.58 [0.42, 6] | 2 studies · 418 participants | Low |
Reduced salt intake vs usual or high salt intake Systolic BP: long‐term studies Duration: up to 12 weeks · patients with diabetes with or without CKD Altered dietary salt intake for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 288 participants | Low |
Net change in blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive participants with a reduced salt intake vs usual or high salt intake MAP Duration: up to 12 weeks · patients with diabetes with or without CKD Altered dietary salt intake for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 59 participants | Low |
Net change in blood pressure in participants with type 1 or type 2 diabetes with a reduced salt diet vs usual or high salt intake Systolic BP Duration: up to 12 weeks · patients with diabetes with or without CKD Altered dietary salt intake for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 96 participants | Low |
Net change in blood pressure in participants with type 1 or type 2 diabetes with a reduced salt diet vs usual or high salt intake Diastolic BP: Duration: up to 12 weeks · patients with diabetes with or without CKD Altered dietary salt intake for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 96 participants | Low |
Net change in blood pressure in participants with type 1 or type 2 diabetes with a reduced salt diet vs usual or high salt intake MAP Duration: up to 12 weeks · patients with diabetes with or without CKD Altered dietary salt intake for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 62 participants | Low |
Reduced salt intake vs usual or high salt intake Systolic BP: short‐term studies Duration: 1 week · patients with diabetes with or without CKD Altered dietary salt intake for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 112 participants | Low |
Reduced salt intake vs usual or high salt intake Diastolic BP: long‐term studies Duration: up to 12 weeks · patients with diabetes with or without CKD Altered dietary salt intake for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 288 participants | Low |
Reduced salt intake vs usual or high salt intake Diastolic BP: short‐term studies Duration: 1 week · patients with diabetes with or without CKD Altered dietary salt intake for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 112 participants | Low |
Reduced salt intake vs usual or high salt intake MAP: all studies Duration: up to 12 weeks · patients with diabetes with or without CKD Altered dietary salt intake for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 421 participants | Low |
Reduced salt intake vs usual or high salt intake GFF: all studies Duration: up to 12 weeks · patients with diabetes with or without CKD Altered dietary salt intake for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 392 participants | Low |