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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems
current versionsNo studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Behavioral interventions vs usual care Subjective sleep quality or quantity · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another… Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 232 participants | Very low |
Behavioral interventions vs usual care Participant or parent satisfaction · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another… Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 54 participants | Very low |
Behavioral interventions vs usual care Cost‐effectiveness · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another… Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Behavioral interventions vs usual care Delirium incidence or delirium‐free days at hospital discharge · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another… Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Behavioral interventions vs usual care Length of mechanical ventilation · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another… Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Behavioral interventions vs usual care Length of hospital stay · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another… Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physical activity interventions vs usual care Objective measures of sleep · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another… Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Low |
Physical activity interventions vs usual care Subjective sleep quality or quantity · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another… Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 139 participants | Very low |
Antipsychotics vs placebo BPD symptom severity Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (5 to 12 weeks treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 951 participants | Very low |
Antidepressants vs placebo Suicide‐related outcomes Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (6 to 12 weeks treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 45 participants | Very low |
Antidepressants vs placebo Psychosocial functioning Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (5 to 12 weeks treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 161 participants | Very low |
Antidepressants vs placebo Interpersonal problems Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (5 weeks treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 119 participants | Very low |
Antidepressants vs placebo Attrition Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (5 weeks to 6 months treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 | 6 studies · 289 participants | Low |
Antidepressants vs placebo Non‐serious adverse events Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mood stabilisers vs placebo BPD symptom severity Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (6 to 52 weeks treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 265 participants | Very low |
Mood stabilisers vs placebo Self‐harm Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (52 weeks treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.79, 1.48] | 1 study · 276 participants | Very low |
Mood stabilisers vs placebo Suicide‐related outcomes Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (6 to 10 weeks treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 44 participants | Very low |
Mood stabilisers vs placebo Psychosocial functioning Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (32 days to 6 weeks treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 214 participants | Very low |
Mood stabilisers vs placebo Interpersonal problems Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (32 days to 24 weeks) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 300 participants | Low |
Antipsychotics vs placebo Self‐harm Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (8 to 24 weeks treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 | 2 studies · 76 participants | Very low |
Mood stabilisers vs placebo Attrition Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (32 days to 24 weeks treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 | 9 studies · 530 participants | Low |
Mood stabilisers vs placebo Non‐serious adverse events Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (6 weeks treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 | 1 study · 276 participants | Very low |
Antipsychotics vs placebo Suicide‐related outcomes Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (6 to 12 weeks treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 854 participants | Very low |
Antipsychotics vs placebo Psychosocial functioning Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (5 to 12 weeks treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 904 participants | Very low |
Antipsychotics vs placebo Interpersonal problems Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (5 to 12 weeks treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 907 participants | Low |
Antipsychotics vs placebo Attrition Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (5 weeks to 6 months treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 | 13 studies · 1216 participants | Very low |
Antipsychotics vs placebo Non‐serious adverse events Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (8 to 12 weeks treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 | 5 studies · 814 participants | Very low |
Antidepressants vs placebo BPD symptom severity Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment (5 to 6 weeks treatment duration) · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 87 participants | Very low |
Antidepressants vs placebo Self‐harm · people with borderline personality disorder Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Fortification of salt with iron and iodine vs fortification of salt with iodine Haemoglobin concentration (g/dL) · participants were of any age or sex and from any country, regardless of baseline iron and iodine status Fortification of salt with iron and iodine versus fortification of salt with iodine alone for improving iron… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 4597 participants | Low |
Fortification of salt with iron and iodine vs fortification of salt with iodine Urinary iodine concentration (μg/L) · participants were of any age or sex and from any country, regardless of baseline iron and iodine status Fortification of salt with iron and iodine versus fortification of salt with iodine alone for improving iron… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1594 participants | Low |
Fortification of salt with iron and iodine vs fortification of salt with iodine Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) (mmHg) · participants were of any age or sex and from any country, regardless of baseline iron and iodine status Fortification of salt with iron and iodine versus fortification of salt with iodine alone for improving iron… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fortification of salt with iron and iodine vs fortification of salt with iodine Ferritin concentration (μg/L) · participants were of any age or sex and from any country, regardless of baseline iron and iodine status Fortification of salt with iron and iodine versus fortification of salt with iodine alone for improving iron… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1419 participants | Low |
Fortification of salt with iron and iodine vs fortification of salt with iodine Transferrin receptor concentration (mg/L) · participants were of any age or sex and from any country, regardless of baseline iron and iodine status Fortification of salt with iron and iodine versus fortification of salt with iodine alone for improving iron… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1256 participants | Low |
Fortification of salt with iron and iodine vs fortification of salt with iodine Prevalence of anaemia · participants were of any age or sex and from any country, regardless of baseline iron and iodine status Fortification of salt with iron and iodine versus fortification of salt with iodine alone for improving iron… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.66, 0.94] | 8 studies · 2593 participants | Moderate |
Fortification of salt with iron and iodine vs fortification of salt with iodine Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia · participants were of any age or sex and from any country, regardless of baseline iron and iodine status Fortification of salt with iron and iodine versus fortification of salt with iodine alone for improving iron… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.35 [0.24, 0.52] | 5 studies · 1209 participants | Low |
Memantine vs placebo Core symptoms of autism · children/adolescents diagnosed with ASD Memantine for autism spectrum disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 181 participants | Very low |
Memantine vs placebo Adverse effects Assessed by the study authors as those that were sufficient to discontinue treatment · children/adolescents diagnosed with ASD Memantine for autism spectrum disorder (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.64 [0.17, 2.39] | 2 studies · 144 participants | Low |
Memantine vs placebo Language · children/adolescents diagnosed with ASD Memantine for autism spectrum disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 144 participants | Low |
Memantine vs placebo Memory · children/adolescents diagnosed with ASD Memantine for autism spectrum disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Low |
Memantine vs placebo Adaptive behaviour · children/adolescents diagnosed with ASD Memantine for autism spectrum disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Low |
Memantine vs placebo Hyperactivity · children/adolescents diagnosed with ASD Memantine for autism spectrum disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 121 participants | Low |
Memantine vs placebo Irritability · children/adolescents diagnosed with ASD Memantine for autism spectrum disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 121 participants | Low |
Training to respond to intimate partner violence vs no intervention, wait‐list or placebo on healthcare providers' attitudes towards, knowledge of and readiness to manage IPV, referrals Healthcare providers’ attitudes/beliefs towards IPV · physicians/doctors, medical staff, medical students, residents, nurses and nursing students, dentists and dental… Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 641 participants | Low |
Training to respond to intimate partner violence vs no intervention, wait‐list or placebo on healthcare providers' attitudes towards, knowledge of and readiness to manage IPV, referrals Healthcare providers’ readiness to respond to/manage survivors of IPV · physicians/doctors, medical staff, medical students, residents, nurses and nursing students, dentists and dental… Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 487 participants | Very low |
Training to respond to intimate partner violence vs no intervention, wait‐list or placebo on healthcare providers' attitudes towards, knowledge of and readiness to manage IPV, referrals Healthcare providers knowledge or awareness about IPV · physicians/doctors, medical staff, medical students, residents, nurses and nursing students, dentists and dental… Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 239 participants | Very low |
Training to respond to intimate partner violence vs no intervention, wait‐list or placebo on healthcare providers' attitudes towards, knowledge of and readiness to manage IPV, referrals Referrals made to support agencies, social workers or other specialised services · physicians/doctors, medical staff, medical students, residents, nurses and nursing students, dentists and dental… Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 49 participants | Ungraded |
Training to respond to intimate partner violence vs no intervention, wait‐list or placebo on healthcare providers' attitudes towards, knowledge of and readiness to manage IPV, referrals Provider response to IPV: safety planning, counselling and validation of survivors’ feelings · physicians/doctors, medical staff, medical students, residents, nurses and nursing students, dentists and dental… Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women (2021) · Cochrane | RR 3.07 [0.96, 9.77] | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Training to respond to intimate partner violence vs no intervention, wait‐list or placebo on healthcare providers' attitudes towards, knowledge of and readiness to manage IPV, referrals Adverse outcomes · physicians/doctors, medical staff, medical students, residents, nurses and nursing students, dentists and dental… Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Folic acid supplements alone vs placebo Any type of cancer · adult men and women who had been exposed to arsenic‐containing drinking water Provision of folic acid for reducing arsenic toxicity in arsenic‐exposed children and adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |