It is very uncertain whether rapid changes completion of withdrawal treatment − Outpatient compared with slow taper of buprenorphine dose (very low certainty).
Rapid showed no clear difference in number abstinent at completion of dose taper − Inpatient compared with slow taper of buprenorphine dose (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether rapid changes number abstinent at completion of dose taper − Outpatient compared with slow taper of buprenorphine dose (very low certainty).
Rapid showed no clear difference in completion of withdrawal treatment − Inpatient compared with slow taper of buprenorphine dose (low certainty).
The intervention showed no clear difference in drupout ‐ Tricyclics versus placebo (moderate certainty).
The intervention showed no clear difference in drupout ‐ SSRI versus placebo (moderate certainty).
The intervention leads to higher adverse events ‐ Withdrawn for medical reasons: Tricyclics versus… (high certainty).
The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events ‐ Withdrawn for medical reasons: SSRI versus placebo (high certainty).
Full opioid agonists showed no clear difference in illicit opioid use compared with different full opioid agonists or partial opioid agonists (methadone… (moderate certainty).
It is very uncertain whether full or partial opioid agonist maintenance changes adverse events compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (very low certainty).
Full opioid agonists may leads to higher retention compared with different full opioid agonists or partial opioid agonists (methadone… (low certainty).
Full opioid agonists showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with different full opioid agonists or partial opioid agonists (methadone… (low certainty).
Full or partial opioid agonist maintenance showed no clear difference in days of unsanctioned opioid use (as number of days/30 or days/7) compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether full or partial opioid agonist maintenance changes self‐reported opioid use at treatment completion compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (very low certainty).
Full or partial opioid agonist maintenance probably leads to higher retention: proportion of participants retained in treatment compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (moderate certainty).
Dihydrocodeine showed no clear difference in abstinence Assessed by urinalysis post‐detoxification compared with buprenorphine (low certainty).
Dihydrocodeine showed no clear difference in treatment retention Early dropout compared with buprenorphine (low certainty).
Carbamazepine showed no clear difference in benzodiazepine discontinuation, end of intervention compared with tricyclic antidepressant (low certainty).