What do systematic reviews say?

Antibiotics vs placebo

• Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 10316 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 2507 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 12502 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ ICS showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.94 [0.84, 1.07]
  10 studies · 16636 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ ICS may leads to higher pneumonia compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.38 [1.02, 1.88]
  9 studies · 14831 participants
  Low

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ ICS probably leads to higher oropharyngeal candidiasis compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.66 [1.91, 3.68]
  7 studies · 5547 participants
  Moderate

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Anticholinergics showed no clear difference in mean change from baseline in condition‐specific quality of lifeScale… compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 4.41
  12 studies · 6804 participants
  Low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Anticholinergics probably leads to higher patient perception of cure or improvement compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.38 [1.15, 1.66]
  9 studies · 8457 participants
  Moderate

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Anticholinergics showed no clear difference in mean number of urgency episodes per 24 hours compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 0.85
  23 studies · 16875 participants
  Moderate

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Anticholinergics may leads to higher adverse events: dry mouth compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.5 [3.26, 3.75]
  66 studies · 38368 participants
  Low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Anticholinergics may leads to higher adverse events:urinary retention compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.52 [2.04, 6.08]
  17 studies · 7862 participants
  Low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Anticholinergics may leads to higher withdrawal due to adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.37 [1.21, 1.56]
  61 studies · 36943 participants
  Low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Anticholinergics showed no clear difference in mean number of micturitions per 24 hours compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 0.85
  30 studies · 19395 participants
  Moderate

Sildenafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Sildenafil citrate showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (moderate certainty).

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.8, 1.27]
  5 studies · 516 participants
  Moderate

Sildenafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Sildenafil citrate showed no clear difference in fetal mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (moderate certainty).

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.6, 1.12]
  5 studies · 516 participants
  Moderate

Sildenafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Sildenafil citrate showed no clear difference in neonatal mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (moderate certainty).

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.45 [0.9, 2.33]
  5 studies · 397 participants
  Moderate

Tadalafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Tadalafil showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (low certainty).

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.2 [0.02, 1.6]
  1 study · 87 participants
  Low

Tadalafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Tadalafil showed no clear difference in fetal mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (low certainty).

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.11 [0.01, 1.96]
  1 study · 87 participants
  Low

Tadalafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Tadalafil showed no clear difference in neonatal mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (low certainty).

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.06, 13.7]
  1 study · 83 participants
  Low