Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,808 questions · 8,953 findings · 827 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 1,891 · 21.1%GRADE not reported 380 · 4.2%Very low 2,100 · 23.5%Low 2,449 · 27.4%Moderate 1,684 · 18.8%High 449 · 5%

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Foam sclerotherapy vs liquid sclerotherapy

Complications ‐ DVT · participants with varicose veinsa

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Foam sclerotherapy vs liquid sclerotherapy

Residual varicose veins · participants with varicose veinsa

It is very uncertain whether foam sclerotherapy changes residual varicose veins compared with liquid sclerotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.51 [0.41, 0.65]
2 studies · 203 participants
Very low

Foam sclerotherapy vs liquid sclerotherapy

QoL · participants with varicose veinsa

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Foam sclerotherapy vs liquid sclerotherapy

Persistence of symptoms · participants with varicose veinsa

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Foam sclerotherapy vs liquid sclerotherapy

Recurrent varicose veins · participants with varicose veinsa

It is very uncertain whether foam sclerotherapy changes recurrent varicose veins compared with liquid sclerotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.1 [0.86, 1.42]
1 study · 286 participants
Very low

Foam sclerotherapy vs foam sclerotherapy

Cosmetic appearance · participants with varicose veinsa

It is very uncertain whether foam sclerotherapy changes cosmetic appearance (self‐described cosmetic improvement) compared with foam sclerotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.11 [0.84, 1.47]
1 study · 80 participants
Very low

Foam sclerotherapy vs foam sclerotherapy

Number of thromboembolic complications · participants with varicose veinsa

It is very uncertain whether foam sclerotherapy changes complications ‐ thromboembolic compared with foam sclerotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.47 [0.41, 5.33]
3 studies · 371 participants
Very low

Foam sclerotherapy vs foam sclerotherapy

Residual varicose veins · participants with varicose veinsa

Foam sclerotherapy showed no clear difference in residual varicose veins compared with foam sclerotherapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.67 [0.43, 1.04]
3 studies · 371 participants
Moderate

Combination therapy vs monotherapy

Total mortality · people with primary hypertension

It is very uncertain whether combination therapy changes total mortality compared with monotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

First‐line combination therapy versus first‐line monotherapy for primary hypertension 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.35 [0.08, 21.72]
3 studies · 568 participants
Very low

Combination therapy vs monotherapy

Cardiovascular mortality · people with primary hypertension

1 finding from 1 review

First‐line combination therapy versus first‐line monotherapy for primary hypertension 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 568 participants
Very low

Combination therapy vs monotherapy

Cardiovascular events · people with primary hypertension

It is very uncertain whether combination therapy changes cardiovascular events compared with monotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

First‐line combination therapy versus first‐line monotherapy for primary hypertension 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.22, 4.41]
3 studies · 568 participants
Very low

Combination therapy vs monotherapy

Serious adverse events · people with primary hypertension

It is very uncertain whether combination therapy changes serious adverse events compared with monotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

First‐line combination therapy versus first‐line monotherapy for primary hypertension 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.77 [0.31, 1.92]
3 studies · 568 participants
Very low

Combination therapy vs monotherapy

Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with primary hypertension

It is very uncertain whether combination therapy changes withdrawals due to adverse effects compared with monotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

First‐line combination therapy versus first‐line monotherapy for primary hypertension 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.53, 1.35]
3 studies · 568 participants
Very low

Chest physiotherapy vs no chest physiotherapy

Mortality ( · children aged from 29 days to 12 years with pneumonia

Chest physiotherapy may leads to lower mortality ( compared with no chest physiotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.28 [0.08, 0.9]
1 study · 225 participants
Low

Chest physiotherapy vs no chest physiotherapy

Length of hospital stay · children aged from 29 days to 12 years with pneumonia

Chest physiotherapy showed no clear difference in duration of hospital stay (days) ( compared with no chest physiotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 0.1
4 studies · 415 participants
Low

Chest physiotherapy vs no chest physiotherapy

Clinical resolution · children aged from 29 days to 12 years with pneumonia

Chest physiotherapy showed no clear difference in time to clinical resolution (all parameters) ( compared with no chest physiotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 559 participants
Low

Chest physiotherapy vs no chest physiotherapy

Adverse events (number of events) ( · children aged from 29 days to 12 years with pneumonia

Chest physiotherapy showed no clear difference in adverse events (number of events) ( compared with no chest physiotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.28 [0.98, 1.67]
2 studies · 254 participants
Low

Reduction and pharmacotherapy vs reduction alone

Smoking cessation · people who smoke

Reduction and pharmacotherapy may leads to higher main analysis (all pharmacotherapy): smoking cessation (≥ 6 month compared with reduction alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.68 [1.09, 2.58]
11 studies · 8636 participants
Low

BAL directed therapy vs usual care

FEV1 · infants and children with pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis

1 finding from 1 review

Bronchoscopy‐guided antimicrobial therapy for cystic fibrosis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 186 participants
Low

BAL directed therapy vs usual care

Z score FVC · infants and children with pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis

1 finding from 1 review

Bronchoscopy‐guided antimicrobial therapy for cystic fibrosis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 157 participants
Low