Time to fracture union · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius, clavicle, scaphoid,…
1 finding from 1 review
Pain (short term) WOMAC scale from 0 to 20 points (higher is worse pain). · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius, clavicle, scaphoid,…
1 finding from 1 review
Delayed or non‐union (medium term) · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius, clavicle, scaphoid,…
Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound showed no clear difference in delayed or non‐union (medium term) compared with control (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events ‐ total of adverse events (Skin irritation) · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius, clavicle, scaphoid,…
It is very uncertain whether low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound changes adverse events Reported as skin irritation compared with control (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Quality of sleep · Shift workers
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
282 participants
Low
Sleep length off‐shift · Shift workers
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
282 participants
Very low
Sleepiness during shifts · Shift workers
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
62 participants
Very low
Secondary outcomes (number of staff; number of hours worked; overtime; staff costs) · Shift workers
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Smoking cessation · people who smoke
Higher‐dose showed no clear difference in smoking cessation ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24‐hour patches) compared with lower‐dose nicotine patch (moderate certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
RR 1.09 [0.93, 1.29]
5 studies · 1655 participants
Moderate
RR 1.19 [1, 1.41]
3 studies · 3446 participants
Moderate
RR 1.48 [1.06, 2.08]
1 study · 537 participants
Moderate
SAEs · people who smoke
Higher‐dose showed no clear difference in overall SAEs ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24 hr patches) compared with lower‐dose nicotine patch (low certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Treatment withdrawal · people who smoke
Higher‐dose may leads to higher treatment withdrawals ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24‐hour patches) compared with lower‐dose nicotine patch (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Treatment withdrawals ‐ 21 mg versus 14 mg (24‐hour patches) · people who smoke
Higher‐dose showed no clear difference in treatment withdrawals ‐ 21 mg versus 14 mg (24‐hour patches) compared with lower‐dose nicotine patch (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Total studies: 50 Total participants: 14,926 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard dose (60 mg), and high dose (> 60 mg); milnacipran…
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
50 participants
GRADE not reported
Intervention not reported
Duloxetine high dose RCTs: 14 Participants: 3683 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard dose (60 mg), and high dose (> 60 mg); milnacipran…
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
14 participants
Low
Intervention not reported
Duloxetine standard dose RCTs: 18 Participants: 4959 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard dose (60 mg), and high dose (> 60 mg); milnacipran…
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
18 participants
Moderate
Intervention not reported
Milnacipran high dose RCTs: 2 Participants: 1670 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard dose (60 mg), and high dose (> 60 mg); milnacipran…
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
2 participants
Low
Intervention not reported
Milnacipran standard dose RCTs: 4 Participants: 1866 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard dose (60 mg), and high dose (> 60 mg); milnacipran…
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
4 participants
Moderate
Intervention not reported
Duloxetine low dose RCTs: 6 Participants: 1104 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard dose (60 mg), and high dose (> 60 mg); milnacipran…
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
6 participants
Moderate
Intervention not reported
Total studies: 38 Total participants: 12,985 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine (all doses combined), milnacipran (all doses combined), mirtazapine (all doses…
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
38 participants
GRADE not reported
Intervention not reported
Mirtazapine RCTs: 1 Participants: 406 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine (all doses combined), milnacipran (all doses combined), mirtazapine (all doses…
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
1 participants
Low