Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,270 questions · 1,480 findings · 174 reviews

No studies found 252 · 17%GRADE not reported 405 · 27.4%Very low 301 · 20.3%Low 284 · 19.2%Moderate 174 · 11.8%High 64 · 4.3%

Combined immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy alone

Overall survival (OS) · People with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer

Combined immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) probably leads to lower overall Survival (OS) compared with chemotherapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy alone

Grades 3 and 4 adverse events · People with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer

Combined immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) showed no clear difference in adverse Events grade 3 to 4 compared with chemotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intravenous ketorolac vs placebo

Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater · adults (mean study ages 23 to 67 years) with acute postoperative pain after abdominal/pelvic, dental or orthopedic surgeries

It is very uncertain whether intravenous ketorolac changes number of participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 hours compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intravenous ketorolac vs NSAIDs

Number of women requiring rescue medication · adults (mean study ages 23 to 67 years) with acute postoperative pain after abdominal/pelvic, dental or orthopedic surgeries

It is very uncertain whether intravenous ketorolac changes number of participants using rescue medication over 4 or 6 hours… compared with another NSAID (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intravenous ketorolac vs NSAIDs

Number of participants reporting an adverse event · adults (mean study ages 23 to 67 years) with acute postoperative pain after abdominal/pelvic, dental or orthopedic surgeries

Intravenous ketorolac showed no clear difference in number of participants reporting any adverse event compared with another NSAID (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intravenous ketorolac vs NSAIDs

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · adults (mean study ages 23 to 67 years) with acute postoperative pain after abdominal/pelvic, dental or orthopedic surgeries

Intravenous ketorolac showed no clear difference in number of participants experiencing a serious adverse event compared with another NSAID (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intravenous ketorolac vs placebo

Relief of pain · adults (mean study ages 23 to 67 years) with acute postoperative pain after abdominal/pelvic, dental or orthopedic surgeries

Intravenous ketorolac may leads to higher number of participants with at least 50% pain relief over 6 hours compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intravenous ketorolac vs placebo

Use of rescue medication · adults (mean study ages 23 to 67 years) with acute postoperative pain after abdominal/pelvic, dental or orthopedic surgeries

It is very uncertain whether intravenous ketorolac changes number of participants using rescue medication over 4 or 6 hours… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intravenous ketorolac vs placebo

Number of participants reporting an adverse event · adults (mean study ages 23 to 67 years) with acute postoperative pain after abdominal/pelvic, dental or orthopedic surgeries

Intravenous ketorolac showed no clear difference in number of participants reporting any adverse event compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intravenous ketorolac vs placebo

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · adults (mean study ages 23 to 67 years) with acute postoperative pain after abdominal/pelvic, dental or orthopedic surgeries

Intravenous ketorolac showed no clear difference in number of participants experiencing a serious adverse event compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intravenous ketorolac vs NSAIDs

Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater · adults (mean study ages 23 to 67 years) with acute postoperative pain after abdominal/pelvic, dental or orthopedic surgeries

Intravenous ketorolac showed no clear difference in number of participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 hours compared with another NSAID (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intravenous ketorolac vs NSAIDs

Relief of pain · adults (mean study ages 23 to 67 years) with acute postoperative pain after abdominal/pelvic, dental or orthopedic surgeries

Intravenous ketorolac showed no clear difference in number of participants with at least 50% pain relief over 6 hours compared with another NSAID (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ibuprofen vs placebo

At least 50% reduction in pain · health problem or population

It is very uncertain whether summary of Findings Table ‐ Ibuprofen changes number of participants with at least 50% pain relief at 4 hours compared with placebo (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review