What do systematic reviews say?

Single vs combination IV antibiotics

• Intravenous antibiotics for pulmonary exacerbations in people with cystic fibrosis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 146 participants
  Low

Single vs combination IV antibiotics

• Intravenous antibiotics for pulmonary exacerbations in people with cystic fibrosis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 34 participants
  Low

Single vs combination IV antibiotics

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Intravenous antibiotics for pulmonary exacerbations in people with cystic fibrosis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Shared decision‐making (all components) vs usual care

Shared decision making showed no clear difference in patient initiated re‐consultations for the same illness episode compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Interventions to facilitate shared decision making to address antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.87 [0.74, 1.03]
  4 studies · 1861 participants
  Moderate

Shared decision‐making (all components) vs usual care

Shared decision making showed no clear difference in patient satisfaction with the consultation compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Interventions to facilitate shared decision making to address antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.86 [0.57, 1.3]
  2 studies · 1052 participants
  Low

Third generation cephalosporins vs other antibiotics

Agent: Third generation cephalosporin showed no clear difference in persistent bacteriuria compared with other antibiotic (low certainty).

• Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.41 [0.98, 5.93]
  3 studies · 439 participants
  Low

Third generation cephalosporins vs other antibiotics

Agent: Third generation cephalosporin showed no clear difference in recurrent UTI after end of therapy compared with other antibiotic (low certainty).

• Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.23 [0.32, 4.74]
  4 studies · 491 participants
  Low

Third generation cephalosporins vs other antibiotics

Agent: Third generation cephalosporin may leads to lower persistent symptoms after end of treatment compared with other antibiotic (low certainty).

• Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.28 [0.13, 0.62]
  3 studies · 471 participants
  Low

Oral vs IV antibiotics

Oral showed no clear difference in mortality compared with intravenous antibiotic therapy (moderate certainty).

• Oral versus intravenous antibiotic treatment for febrile neutropenia in cancer patients 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.54, 1.68]
  9 studies · 1392 participants
  Moderate

Oral vs IV antibiotics

Oral showed no clear difference in treatment failure compared with intravenous antibiotic therapy (moderate certainty).

• Oral versus intravenous antibiotic treatment for febrile neutropenia in cancer patients 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.86, 1.06]
  22 studies · 3142 participants
  Moderate

Oral vs IV antibiotics

Oral showed no clear difference in treatment failure ‐ per protocol analysis compared with intravenous antibiotic therapy (moderate certainty).

• Oral versus intravenous antibiotic treatment for febrile neutropenia in cancer patients 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.86, 1.11]
  22 studies · 2912 participants
  Moderate

Oral vs IV antibiotics

Oral showed no clear difference in treatment failure not dt modification in update compared with intravenous antibiotic therapy (moderate certainty).

• Oral versus intravenous antibiotic treatment for febrile neutropenia in cancer patients 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.85, 1.06]
  21 studies · 3041 participants
  Moderate

Continuous vs Intermittent Antibiotic Infusions

Continuous showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with intermittent Antibiotic Infusions (moderate certainty).

• Continuous versus intermittent infusions of antibiotics for the treatment of severe acute infections 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.67, 1.2]
  19 studies · 1241 participants
  Moderate

Continuous vs Intermittent Antibiotic Infusions

Continuous showed no clear difference in infection recurrence compared with intermittent Antibiotic Infusions (low certainty).

• Continuous versus intermittent infusions of antibiotics for the treatment of severe acute infections 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.22 [0.35, 4.19]
  8 studies · 398 participants
  Low

Continuous vs Intermittent Antibiotic Infusions

Continuous showed no clear difference in clinical cure compared with intermittent Antibiotic Infusions (low certainty).

• Continuous versus intermittent infusions of antibiotics for the treatment of severe acute infections 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [0.95, 1.13]
  15 studies · 975 participants
  Low

Continuous vs Intermittent Antibiotic Infusions

Continuous showed no clear difference in super‐infection compared with intermittent Antibiotic Infusions (low certainty).

• Continuous versus intermittent infusions of antibiotics for the treatment of severe acute infections 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [0.6, 1.94]
  12 studies · 813 participants
  Low

Continuous vs Intermittent Antibiotic Infusions

Continuous showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with intermittent Antibiotic Infusions (low certainty).

• Continuous versus intermittent infusions of antibiotics for the treatment of severe acute infections 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.36 [0.8, 2.3]
  10 studies · 871 participants
  Low

Continuous vs Intermittent Antibiotic Infusions

Continuous showed no clear difference in withdrawal due to adverse events compared with intermittent Antibiotic Infusions (low certainty).

• Continuous versus intermittent infusions of antibiotics for the treatment of severe acute infections 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.03 [0.52, 7.95]
  10 studies · 871 participants
  Low

Continuous vs Intermittent Antibiotic Infusions

It is very uncertain whether continuous changes adverse events compared with intermittent Antibiotic Infusions (very low certainty).

• Continuous versus intermittent infusions of antibiotics for the treatment of severe acute infections 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.94, 1.12]
  5 studies · 575 participants
  Very low

Single‐dose vs short duration antibiotics

It is very uncertain whether single‐dose changes persistent bacteriuria compared with short‐course (3‐7 days) antibiotics (very low certainty).

• Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.3 [0.65, 2.62]
  2 studies · 145 participants
  Very low