Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,730 questions · 18,059 findings · 1,282 reviews

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No studies found 4,360 · 24.1%GRADE not reported 2,529 · 14%Very low 4,641 · 25.7%Low 4,007 · 22.2%Moderate 2,057 · 11.4%High 465 · 2.6%

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Primary health professionals and lay health workers vs usual care

Behavioural symptoms (change from baseline at 26 weeks measured using the NPI) · people with dementia and their carers

1 finding from 1 review

Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐ and… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 134 participants
Low

Primary health professionals and lay health workers vs usual care

Mental distress · people with dementia and their carers

1 finding from 1 review

Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐ and… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 134 participants
Low

Primary health professionals and lay health workers vs usual care

Quality of life (patient) (1 to 6 months post intervention) DEMQOL (higher score = better quality of life) · people with dementia and their carers

1 finding from 1 review

Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐ and… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 53 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Overall communication skills Different scales used by different studies: total scores vary across communication items or average score on a Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
18 studies · 1356 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Relationship building/rapport Different scales used by different studies: average empathy score across several items or average score on a Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 176 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Overall communication skills Different scales used across studies: total scores vary across communication items or average score on a Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 502 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Empathy Different scales used by different studies: average empathy score across several items or average score on a 5‐ to 9‐point Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 831 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 637 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 834 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Information gathering about patient perspectives/concerns Different scales used by different studies, some dichotomous outcomes Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 405 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Explanation and planning (information giving) Different scales used by different studies, some dichotomous outcomes Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 695 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Specific communication techniques Different scales used by different studies, some dichotomous outcomes Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students

The intervention may leads to lower specific communication techniques Different scales used by different… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 371 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 1578 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 421 participants
Low

Remote monitoring plus usual care vs usual care

Time to first hospitalisation after starting intervention · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether remote monitoring plus usual care changes time to first hospitalisation after starting intervention compared with usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Telehealth interventions: remote monitoring and consultations for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 1.08 [0.8, 1.46]
1 study · 256 participants
Very low

Summary of Findings Table ‐ The Lidcombe Program vs waiting list control

Impact of interventions for stuttering on emotional, cognitive and psychosocial domains, or quality of life · children aged six years and younger who stutter

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for stuttering in children six years and younger 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments)

Activity avoidance · older adults (mean age minus 1 standard deviation is more than 60 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people living in the… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 312 participants
Low

CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments)

Falls · older adults (mean age minus 1 standard deviation is more than 60 years)

It is very uncertain whether CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) changes occurrence of falls compared with control (standard care or sham treatments) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people living in the… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.66, 1.39]
5 studies · 1119 participants
Very low

CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments)

Depression · older adults (mean age minus 1 standard deviation is more than 60 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people living in the… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 314 participants
Low

CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments)

Adverse effects · older adults (mean age minus 1 standard deviation is more than 60 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people living in the… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found