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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Metformin vs glibenclamide ‐ neonatal outcomes Neurosensory disability in later childhood ‐ not measured · Infants of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glibenclamide vs acarbose ‐ maternal outcomes Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy ‐ not reported · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 11 to 33 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo ‐ maternal outcomes Development of type 2 diabetes ‐ not measured · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 24‐30 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy. Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glibenclamide vs acarbose ‐ maternal outcomes Caesarean section · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 11 to 33 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.53, 1.7] | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Glibenclamide vs acarbose ‐ maternal outcomes Development of type 2 diabetes ‐ not reported · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 11 to 33 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glibenclamide vs acarbose ‐ maternal outcomes Perineal trauma ‐ not reported · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 11 to 33 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glibenclamide vs acarbose ‐ maternal outcomes Return to pre‐pregnancy weight ‐ not reported · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 11 to 33 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glibenclamide vs acarbose ‐ maternal outcomes Postnatal depression ‐ not reported · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 11 to 33 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glibenclamide vs acarbose ‐ maternal outcomes Induction of labour ‐ not reported · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 11 to 33 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glibenclamide vs acarbose ‐ neonatal outcomes Large‐for‐gestational age · women with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.38 [0.54, 10.46] | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Glibenclamide vs acarbose ‐ neonatal outcomes Perinatal mortality · women with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Glibenclamide vs acarbose ‐ neonatal outcomes Death or serious morbidity composite ‐ not reported · women with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glibenclamide vs acarbose ‐ neonatal outcomes Neonatal hypoglycaemia · women with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 6.33 [0.87, 46.32] | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo ‐ maternal outcomes Perineal trauma · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 24‐30 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy. Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.06, 15.62] | 1 study · 375 participants | Very low |
Glibenclamide vs acarbose ‐ neonatal outcomes Adiposity ‐ not reported · women with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glibenclamide vs acarbose ‐ neonatal outcomes Diabetes ‐ not reported · women with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glibenclamide vs acarbose ‐ neonatal outcomes Neurosensory disability in later childhood ‐ not reported · women with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo ‐ maternal outcomes Return to pre‐pregnancy weight ‐ not measured · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 24‐30 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy. Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo ‐ maternal outcomes Postnatal depression ‐ not measured · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 24‐30 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy. Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo ‐ maternal outcomes Induction of labour · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 24‐30 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy. Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.79, 1.76] | 1 study · 375 participants | Very low |
Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo ‐ neonatal outcomes Large‐for‐gestational age · infants of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.51, 1.58] | 1 study · 375 participants | Very low |
Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo ‐ neonatal outcomes Perinatal mortality · infants of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lifestyle interventions vs control ‐ Maternal outcomes Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pre‐eclampsia) · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.4, 1.22] | 4 studies · 2796 participants | Low |
Lifestyle vs control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes Composite outcome in infant (death, shoulder dystocia, nerve palsy, bone fracture) · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.21, 1.55] | 2 studies · 1930 participants | Very low |
Lifestyle vs control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes Neonatal hypoglycaemia · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.65, 1.52] | 6 studies · 3000 participants | Moderate |
Lifestyle vs control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes Adiposity (neonatal) ‐ Neonatal fat mass (g) · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 958 participants | Low |
Lifestyle vs control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes Adiposity (child) ‐ Childhood BMI > 85th percentile · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.75, 1.11] | 3 studies · 767 participants | Moderate |
Lifestyle vs control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes Adiposity (adult) not measured · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lifestyle vs control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes Diabetes (type 2) (child) ‐ not measured · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lifestyle vs control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes Diabetes (type 2) (adult) ‐ not measured · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lifestyle vs control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes Neurosensory disability (child) ‐ not measured · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lifestyle vs control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes Neurosensory disability (adult) ‐ not measured · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lifestyle interventions vs control ‐ Maternal outcomes Perineal trauma/tear · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.93, 1.18] | 1 study · 1000 participants | Moderate |
Lifestyle interventions vs control ‐ Maternal outcomes Caesarean section · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.78, 1.05] | 10 studies · 3545 participants | Low |
Lifestyle interventions vs control ‐ Maternal outcomes Induction of labour · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.99, 1.46] | 4 studies · 2699 participants | High |
Lifestyle interventions vs control ‐ Maternal outcomes Postnatal depression · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.31, 0.78] | 1 study · 573 participants | Low |
Lifestyle interventions vs control ‐ Maternal outcomes Postnatal weight retention or return to pre‐pregnancy weight · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.75 [1.05, 2.9] | 1 study · 156 participants | Low |
Lifestyle interventions vs control ‐ Maternal outcomes Development of type 2 diabetes ( · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.54, 1.76] | 2 studies · 486 participants | Low |
Lifestyle vs control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes Large‐for‐gestational age · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.5, 0.71] | 6 studies · 2994 participants | Moderate |
Lifestyle vs control ‐ Neonatal and later outcomes Perinatal (fetal and neonatal death) and later infant mortality · Women with gestational diabetes Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.7] | 2 studies · 1988 participants | Low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (IV/IM) Satisfaction (overall) with pain relief (VAS 0 to 10 cm, NRS 1 to 4, NRS 0 to 10, VRS 0 to 5) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 216 participants | Very low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (PCA) Additional analgesia required (escape analgesia) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.45, 1.28] | 3 studies · 215 participants | Low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (PCA) Rate of caesarean delivery · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.78 [0.99, 7.82] | 2 studies · 143 participants | Very low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (PCA) Maternal apnoea · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (PCA) Maternal respiratory depression · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (PCA) Apgar score ≤ 7 (< 7) at 5 min · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Very low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs epidural/CSE Satisfaction (overall) with pain relief (NRS 0 to 4, 1 to 4, 0 to 10, 1 to 10, VRS 1 to 4) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 2135 participants | Very low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs epidural/CSE Pain intensity 'early' (1 h) (VAS 0 to 10 cm, VAS 0 to 100 cm, NRS 0 to 10) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 235 participants | Low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs epidural/CSE Additional analgesia required · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 9.27 [3.73, 23.03] | 6 studies · 1037 participants | Moderate |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs epidural/CSE Rate of caesarean delivery · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.82, 1.22] | 9 studies · 1578 participants | Moderate |