Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,532 questions · 2,642 findings · 483 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 534 · 20.2%GRADE not reported 82 · 3.1%Very low 641 · 24.3%Low 807 · 30.5%Moderate 472 · 17.9%High 106 · 4%

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) vs sham

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with chronic pain

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
27 studies · 655 participants
Low

Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) vs sham

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with chronic pain

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 270 participants
Low

tDCS vs sham

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with chronic pain

It is very uncertain whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) changes pain intensity (0 to < 1 week postintervention) measured using… compared with sham (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
27 studies · 747 participants
Very low

Perioperative alcohol cessation intervention vs treatment

Postoperative complications after perioperative intervention (e.g. wound‐related complications, secondary surgery, cardiopulmonary complications, admission to intensive care) defined by need for treatment · adult surgical patients consuming 3 or more units of alcohol per day

Perioperative alcohol cessation intervention probably leads to lower postoperative complications after perioperative intervention (e.g.… compared with treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative alcohol cessation intervention for postoperative complications 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.62 [0.4, 0.96]
3 studies · 122 participants
Moderate

Alternative workstation adjustment vs no workstation adjustment

Intensity or severity of musculoskeletal pain · office workers

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Ergonomic interventions for preventing work‐related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb and neck among office… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Workstation adjustment according to OSHA/NIOSH recommendation vs no workstation adjustment

Intensity or severity of musculoskeletal pain · office workers

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Ergonomic interventions for preventing work‐related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb and neck among office… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Sit‐stand desk vs normal workstation

Intensity of neck and shoulder discomfort and pain Self‐reported questionnaire · office workers

1 finding from 1 review

Ergonomic interventions for preventing work‐related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb and neck among office… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 46 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Intensity of upper extremity pain Questionnaire · office workers

1 finding from 1 review

Ergonomic interventions for preventing work‐related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb and neck among office… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 82 participants
Very low

Biofeedback (vibration) to reduce hand idle time on mouse vs no intervention

Pain in shoulder · office workers

1 finding from 1 review

Ergonomic interventions for preventing work‐related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb and neck among office… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 23 participants
Low

Biofeedback (vibration) to reduce hand idle time on mouse vs no intervention

Intensity of upper extremity pain Questionnaire · office workers

1 finding from 1 review

Ergonomic interventions for preventing work‐related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb and neck among office… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 23 participants
Low

Massage vs usual care

Pain intensity — first stage of labour · women in labour

1 finding from 1 review

Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 362 participants
Low

Warm pack vs usual care

Pain intensity — first stage of labour · women in labour

1 finding from 1 review

Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 191 participants
Very low

Thermal manual methods vs usual care

Pain intensity — first stage of labour · women in labour

1 finding from 1 review

Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 96 participants
Very low

Massage vs music

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · women in labour

It is very uncertain whether massage changes pain intensity "severe pain reported" compared with music (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.4 [0.18, 0.89]
1 study · 101 participants
Very low

Relaxation vs usual care

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · women in labour

1 finding from 1 review

Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 271 participants
Very low

Music vs control

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · women in labour

1 finding from 1 review

Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 217 participants
Very low

Yoga vs control

Participant‐reported pain intensity VAS (0‐10, lower score = less pain) · women in labour

1 finding from 1 review

Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 66 participants
Low

Metformin vs placebo

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: gestational hypertension · women with obesity during pregnancy

Metformin showed no clear difference in gestational hypertension compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.54, 1.94]
3 studies · 1040 participants
Low

Low tidal volume vs high tidal volume

ICU length of stay (general intensive care patients) · adults (aged > 16 years) without acute lung injury needing mechanical positive pressure ventilation during their surgery and undergoing…

1 finding from 1 review

Intraoperative use of low volume ventilation to decrease postoperative mortality, mechanical ventilation, lengths of… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 898 participants
Low

Summary of findings: bevacizumab vs placebo

Reduction in oedema (T2 hyperintensity) · people previously treated with radiosurgery or fractionated radiotherapy to the brain or head and neck region with a diagnosis of brain…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of brain radionecrosis after radiotherapy or radiosurgery 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 14 participants
Low