What do systematic reviews say?

Any antifungal intervention for the treatment of oral candidiasis vs placebo/no treatment

Antifungal may leads to lower fungal peritonitis (number of patients with one or more episodes) compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

• Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.28 [0.12, 0.63]
  2 studies · 817 participants
  Low

Oral or topical or intraperitoneal antibiotics vs placebo/no treatment

Oral or topical or intraperitoneal antibiotics showed no clear difference in exit‐site/tunnel infection (number of patients with one or more… compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

• Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.45 [0.19, 1.04]
  3 studies · 191 participants
  Low

Oral or topical or intraperitoneal antibiotics vs placebo/no treatment

Oral or topical or intraperitoneal antibiotics showed no clear difference in catheter removal or replacement (number of patients) compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

• Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.46, 1.46]
  5 studies · 395 participants
  Low

Nasal antibiotics vs placebo/no treatment

Nasal antibiotics showed no clear difference in peritonitis (number of patients with one or more episodes) compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

• Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.67, 1.31]
  3 studies · 338 participants
  Low

Nasal antibiotics vs placebo/no treatment

Nasal antibiotics showed no clear difference in exit‐site/ tunnel infection (number of patients with one or more… compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

• Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.34 [0.62, 2.87]
  3 studies · 338 participants
  Low

Nasal antibiotics vs placebo/no treatment

Nasal antibiotics showed no clear difference in catheter removal or replacement (number of patients) compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

• Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.92 [0.48, 1.78]
  2 studies · 289 participants
  Low

Topical disinfectants vs standard care or other active treatment (antibiotic or other disinfectant)

Topical disinfectants showed no clear difference in peritonitis (number of patients with one or more episodes) compared with standard care or other active treatment (antibiotic or other… (low certainty).

• Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.65, 1.06]
  6 studies · 853 participants
  Low

Topical disinfectants vs standard care or other active treatment (antibiotic or other disinfectant)

Topical disinfectants showed no clear difference in exit‐site/tunnel infection (number of patients with one or more… compared with standard care or other active treatment (antibiotic or other… (low certainty).

• Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.74, 1.27]
  7 studies · 913 participants
  Low

Topical disinfectants vs standard care or other active treatment (antibiotic or other disinfectant)

Topical disinfectants showed no clear difference in catheter removal or replacement (number of patients) compared with standard care or other active treatment (antibiotic or other… (low certainty).

• Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.57, 1.38]
  6 studies · 792 participants
  Low

Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) showed no clear difference in death at 6 months compared with placebo, no treatment or usual care (low certainty).

• Uric acid lowering therapies for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.66 [0.61, 4.48]
  2 studies · 498 participants
  Low

Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) showed no clear difference in death at 2 years compared with placebo, no treatment or usual care (low certainty).

• Uric acid lowering therapies for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.13 [0.02, 1.06]
  2 studies · 220 participants
  Low

Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) showed no clear difference in dialysis at 2 years compared with placebo, no treatment or usual care (low certainty).

• Uric acid lowering therapies for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.4 [0.05, 3]
  2 studies · 220 participants
  Low

Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

• Uric acid lowering therapies for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 83 participants
  Low

Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

• Uric acid lowering therapies for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 164 participants
  Moderate

Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) showed no clear difference in cardiovascular events compared with placebo, no treatment or usual care (low certainty).

• Uric acid lowering therapies for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.46 [0.2, 1.04]
  1 study · 113 participants
  Low

Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

• Uric acid lowering therapies for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 253 participants
  High

Intensive glycaemic control vs non‐tight control

Tight glycaemic control showed no clear difference in doubling serum creatinine 8.3 years compared with non‐tight control (low certainty).

• Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.84 [0.64, 1.11]
  4 studies · 26874 participants
  Low

Intensive glycaemic control vs non‐tight control

Tight glycaemic control showed no clear difference in ESKD 5.9 years compared with non‐tight control (low certainty).

• Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.62 [0.34, 1.12]
  4 studies · 23332 participants
  Low

Intensive glycaemic control vs non‐tight control

It is very uncertain whether tight glycaemic control changes sudden death 4.6 years compared with non‐tight control (very low certainty).

• Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.26, 2.57]
  4 studies · 5913 participants
  Very low

Intensive glycaemic control vs non‐tight control

Tight glycaemic control showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality 5.6 years compared with non‐tight control (moderate certainty).

• Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.86, 1.13]
  9 studies · 29094 participants
  Moderate