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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Avatar Therapy vs treatment Leaving study early: for any reason · schizophrenia or related disorders Avatar Therapy for people with schizophrenia or related disorders (2020) · Cochrane | RR 11.27 [0.7, 181.41] | 1 study · 26 participants | Low |
Avatar Therapy vs treatment Adverse events – anxiety – after first session – short term · schizophrenia or related disorders Avatar Therapy for people with schizophrenia or related disorders (2020) · Cochrane | RR 5.54 [0.34, 89.8] | 1 study · 19 participants | Low |
Avatar Therapy vs treatment Quality of life: average endpoint score (QLESQ‐SF, high = good) – short term · schizophrenia or related disorders Avatar Therapy for people with schizophrenia or related disorders (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 19 participants | Very low |
Avatar Therapy vs treatment Functioning: clinically important change · schizophrenia or related disorders Avatar Therapy for people with schizophrenia or related disorders (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Avatar Therapy vs supportive counselling (all short‐term) Mental state*: general – average endpoint score (PSYRATS, high = poor) · schizophrenia or related disorders Avatar Therapy for people with schizophrenia or related disorders (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 124 participants | Low |
Avatar Therapy vs supportive counselling (all short‐term) Mental state: specific – insight – average attitude to voices score (BAVQ‐R, high = poor) – short term · schizophrenia or related disorders Avatar Therapy for people with schizophrenia or related disorders (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 124 participants | Low |
Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams vs standard SEI teams plus treatment Global state: recovery (assessed by symptom remission over a specified time period, as defined by study) · recent‐onset psychosis Specialised early intervention teams (extended time) for recent‐onset psychosis (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.97, 1.31] | 3 studies · 780 participants | Very low |
Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams vs standard SEI teams plus treatment Service use: disengagement from services(assessment varied) · recent‐onset psychosis Specialised early intervention teams (extended time) for recent‐onset psychosis (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.27, 0.75] | 2 studies · 380 participants | Low |
Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams vs standard SEI teams plus treatment Service use: admission to psychiatric hospital at end of treatment (assessed by patient records) · recent‐onset psychosis Specialised early intervention teams (extended time) for recent‐onset psychosis (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.55 [0.68, 3.52] | 1 study · 160 participants | Low |
Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams vs standard SEI teams plus treatment Service use: number of days in psychiatric hospital at end of treatment(assessed by patient records) · recent‐onset psychosis Specialised early intervention teams (extended time) for recent‐onset psychosis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 400 participants | Low |
Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams vs standard SEI teams plus treatment Mental state: global psychotic symptoms, average endpoint score on specific symptoms mental state scale(assessed by structured interview) · recent‐onset psychosis Specialised early intervention teams (extended time) for recent‐onset psychosis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 156 participants | Very low |
Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams vs standard SEI teams plus treatment Adverse effects/events: death ‐ all‐cause mortality(assessed by patient records) · recent‐onset psychosis Specialised early intervention teams (extended time) for recent‐onset psychosis (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.09, 1.64] | 3 studies · 780 participants | Low |
Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams vs standard SEI teams plus treatment Functioning: average endpoint score on specific functioning scale(assessed by structured interview) · recent‐onset psychosis Specialised early intervention teams (extended time) for recent‐onset psychosis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 560 participants | Very low |
Specialised early intervention (SEI) vs treatment Global state: recovery (assessed by proportion recovered, as defined by the study, at end of treatment) · recent‐onset psychosis (less than three years since the start of psychotic symptoms and either first or second… Specialised early intervention teams for recent‐onset psychosis (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 [1.01, 1.97] | 2 studies · 194 participants | Low |
Specialised early intervention (SEI) vs treatment Service use: disengagement from services (assessed by proportion disengaged, as defined by the study, at end of treatment) · recent‐onset psychosis (less than three years since the start of psychotic symptoms and either first or second… Specialised early intervention teams for recent‐onset psychosis (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.31, 0.79] | 3 studies · 630 participants | Moderate |
Specialised early intervention (SEI) vs treatment Service use: admission to psychiatric hospital (assessed by proportion admitted at end of treatment) · recent‐onset psychosis (less than three years since the start of psychotic symptoms and either first or second… Specialised early intervention teams for recent‐onset psychosis (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.82, 1] | 4 studies · 1145 participants | Low |
Specialised early intervention (SEI) vs treatment Service use: number of days in psychiatric hospital (assessed by mean number of days in hospital at end of treatment) · recent‐onset psychosis (less than three years since the start of psychotic symptoms and either first or second… Specialised early intervention teams for recent‐onset psychosis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 547 participants | Low |
Specialised early intervention (SEI) vs treatment Mental state: average endpoint score on a general mental state scale (general psychopathology, assessed by PANNS at end of treatment)g · recent‐onset psychosis (less than three years since the start of psychotic symptoms and either first or second… Specialised early intervention teams for recent‐onset psychosis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 304 participants | Very low |
Specialised early intervention (SEI) vs treatment Death: all‐cause mortality (assessed by proportion deceased at end of treatment) · recent‐onset psychosis (less than three years since the start of psychotic symptoms and either first or second… Specialised early intervention teams for recent‐onset psychosis (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.04, 1.2] | 3 studies · 741 participants | Low |
Specialised early intervention (SEI) vs treatment Functioning: average endpoint score on general functioning scale (global functioning, assessed by questionnaire at end of treatment) · recent‐onset psychosis (less than three years since the start of psychotic symptoms and either first or second… Specialised early intervention teams for recent‐onset psychosis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 467 participants | Low |
Integrated models of care vs standard care Leaving the study early: Lost to treatment · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.82, 1.45] | 3 studies · 603 participants | Low |
Non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment only/Intensive case management/Specialised case management services vs standard care Substance use: Alcohol ‐ average score (C‐DIS‐R computer program for Diagnostic Interview Schedule: average score) · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment only/Intensive case management/Specialised case management services vs standard care Substance use: Drug ‐ average score C‐DIS‐R computer program for Diagnostic Interview Schedule: average score · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment only/Intensive case management/Specialised case management services vs standard care Mental state: Average score Schizophrenia symptoms on C‐DIS‐R computer program for Diagnostic Interview Schedule: average score · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment only/Intensive case management/Specialised case management services vs standard care Global State: Average score (Role Functioning Scale, high = better functioning) · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment only/Intensive case management/Specialised case management services vs standard care Quality of life/life satisfaction: (Quality of Life Interview section, scale of 1 to 7) · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs standard care Leaving the study early: Lost to treatment · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.44, 2.86] | 2 studies · 152 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs standard care Adverse event: Death · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs standard care Substance use: Alcohol · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs standard care Substance use: Drug (Cannabis) Percentage of participants who used cannabis in last 4 weeks · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.79, 2.15] | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs standard care Mental state: average score (Insight scale) · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 105 participants | Low |
Integrated models of care vs standard care Adverse event: Death · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.39, 3.57] | 2 studies · 421 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs standard care Social functioning: Average score* The Social and Occupational Functioning Scale (SOFAS): scale of 1 to 100 · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs standard care Quality of life/ life satisfaction · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Contingency management vs standard care Leaving the study early: Lost to treatment · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.55 [1.13, 2.11] | 2 studies · 255 participants | Moderate |
Contingency management vs standard care Adverse event: Death ‐ not measured · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Contingency management vs standard care Substance use: Alcohol · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Contingency management vs standard care Substance use: Drug (non‐alcohol) Number with stimulant‐positive urine test · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.65, 1.06] | 1 study · 176 participants | Low |
Contingency management vs standard care Service use*: Number hospitalised · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.05, 0.93] | 1 study · 176 participants | Low |
Contingency management vs standard care Global state · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Contingency management vs standard care Quality of life/life satisfaction · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Motivational interviewing vs standard care Lost to treatment · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.71 [0.63, 4.64] | 1 study · 62 participants | Very low |
Integrated models of care vs standard care Substance use: any change ‐ Alcohol use (not in remission) · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.84, 1.56] | 1 study · 143 participants | Low |
Motivational interviewing vs standard care Death · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.07, 15.73] | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
Motivational interviewing vs standard care Alcohol use Not abstaining from alcohol · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.17, 0.75] | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Motivational interviewing vs standard care Drug (non‐alcohol) use Polydrug consumption levels measured by Opiate Treatment Index (OT) · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 89 participants | Very low |
Motivational interviewing vs standard care Mental state Symptom Checklist 90‐revised ‐ General Severity Index: Scale 0 to 4: Average score · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Motivational interviewing vs standard care Global Assessment of Functioning GAF scale of 1‐ 100 · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Motivational interviewing vs standard care Quality of life/life satisfaction ‐ not measured · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Skills training vs standard care Leaving the study early: Lost to treatment · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [0.2, 10.1] | 3 studies · 122 participants | Very low |