Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

880 questions · 912 findings · 126 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 143 · 15.7%GRADE not reported 38 · 4.2%Very low 250 · 27.4%Low 253 · 27.7%Moderate 168 · 18.4%High 60 · 6.6%

Single layer gastrointestinal anastomosis vs Double layer gastrointestinal anastomosis

Major complications · patients with Bowel resection

Single layer gastrointestinal anastomosis showed no clear difference in major complications Odds ratio compared with double layer gastrointestinal anastomosis (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single layer gastrointestinal anastomosis vs Double layer gastrointestinal anastomosis

Anastomotic leak in high quality trials Odds ratio · patients with Bowel resection

Single layer gastrointestinal anastomosis showed no clear difference in anastomotic leak in high quality trials Odds ratio compared with double layer gastrointestinal anastomosis (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single layer gastrointestinal anastomosis vs Double layer gastrointestinal anastomosis

Anastomotic leak in poor quality trials Odds ratio · patients with Bowel resection

It is very uncertain whether single layer gastrointestinal anastomosis changes anastomotic leak in poor quality trials Odds ratio compared with double layer gastrointestinal anastomosis (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single‐immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy alone

Overall survival (OS) · People with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer

Single‐immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) probably leads to lower overall survival (OS) compared with chemotherapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single‐immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy alone

Progression‐free survival · People with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer

Single‐immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may leads to lower progression‐free survival (PFS) compared with chemotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single‐immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy alone

Overall response rate (ORR), · People with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer

Single‐immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may leads to higher overall response rate (ORR) compared with chemotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single‐immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy alone

Grades 3 and 4 adverse events · People with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer

Single‐immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may leads to lower adverse Events grade 3‐4 compared with chemotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single‐immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy alone

QoL · People with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer

Single‐immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may leads to higher QOL‐C30 GHS/QOL (range 0‐100) ‐ change from baseline to week 15 compared with chemotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single herb plus conventional intervention vs conventional intervention

Visual improvement at end of treatment, as defined by two or more Snellen lines · people with diabetic retinopathy

Single herb plus conventional intervention may leads to higher visual acuity (gain of ≥ 2 lines) (end of treatment) compared with conventional intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single herb plus conventional intervention vs conventional intervention

Observations in retina: reduction in haemorrhages · people with diabetic retinopathy

It is very uncertain whether single herb plus conventional intervention changes observations in retina: reduction in haemorrhages compared with conventional intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) vs placebo

Adequate pain relief as reported by women · women with perineal pain following childbirth

Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) may leads to higher adequate pain relief as reported by women compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review