Hospitalisations, number of participants with 1 or more exacerbations · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and > 10 pack years smoking history
Tiotropium probably leads to lower patients with 1 or more exacerbations compared with long‐acting beta‐agonists (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Mortality (all‐cause) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and > 10 pack years smoking history
It is very uncertain whether tiotropium changes mortality (all‐cause) compared with long‐acting beta‐agonists (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Cost‐effectiveness · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and > 10 pack years smoking history
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
6 participants
Low
Intervention not reported
Number of participants with increased cough · patients with prolonged non‐specific cough in children
The intervention showed no clear difference in number of participants with increased cough (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Indacaterol showed no clear difference in number of participants experiencing at least 1 exacerbation… compared with twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Serious adverse events Adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Indacaterol showed no clear difference in serious adverse events Adverse events compared with twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Mortality Deaths · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Indacaterol showed no clear difference in mortality Deaths compared with twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
FEV1 · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1 finding from 1 review
Quality of life: number of participants with clinically significant improvement (≥ 4 units) in SGRQ total score · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Indacaterol showed no clear difference in number of participants with a clinically significant improvement in… compared with twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Improvement in symptoms: number of participants with clinically significant improvement: using TDI focal score (≥ 1 unit) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Indacaterol showed no clear difference in number of participants with a clinically significant improvement in… compared with twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Exercise capacity (5‐ or 6‐minute walking distance on cylinder air) · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Mortality · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment
The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Quality of life (dyspnoea) Measured on the CRQ, the output is a number from 0 to 7, where higher on the scale is better. MID is 0.5. · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment
The intervention probably leads to higher quality of life (dyspnoea) Measured on the CRQ, the output is a… (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Dyspnoea · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Adverse events · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment
The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Hospitalisations · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Clinical failure—primary outcome (by intention‐to‐treat analysis) · children with chronic cough of unknown origin lasting longer than 4 weeks
The intervention probably leads to lower clinical failure—primary outcome (by intention‐to‐treat analysis) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PC‐QOL mean score at 6 weeks PC‐QOL is a 27‐item questionnaire. Each question has a 7‐point score ranging from 1 (worst quality of life) to 7 (best quality of life). Scores for each item were added and the average taken · children with chronic cough of unknown origin lasting longer than 4 weeks
The intervention probably leads to higher PC‐QOL mean score at 6 weeks PC‐QOL is a 27‐item questionnaire. Each… (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Duration of cough post randomisation · children with chronic cough of unknown origin lasting longer than 4 weeks
The intervention showed no clear difference in duration of cough post randomisation (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Proportion of adverse events experienced · children with chronic cough of unknown origin lasting longer than 4 weeks
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Moderate