What do systematic reviews say?

Other psychosocial intervention vs usual care, brief intervention, or wait list

• Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 1664 participants
  Very low

Pharmacologic intervention vs placebo

Pharmacologic intervention showed no clear difference in retention compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.13 [0.89, 1.44]
  3 studies · 247 participants
  Low

Any Psychosocial intervention plus pharm vs psychosocial interventions

• Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 475 participants
  Low
• Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.62 [0.16, 2.47]
  1 study · 102 participants
  Very low

Any Psychosocial intervention plus pharm vs psychosocial interventions

Pharmacologic intervention along with psychosocial intervention showed no clear difference in retention compared with psychosocial intervention alone (moderate certainty).

• Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.15 [0.95, 1.4]
  3 studies · 363 participants
  Moderate

Pharmacologic intervention vs another pharmacologic intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found
• Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Pharmacologic intervention vs another pharmacologic intervention

Pharmacologic intervention showed no clear difference in retention compared with another pharmacologic intervention (low certainty).

• Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.76, 1.19]
  2 studies · 190 participants
  Low
• Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.96, 1.08]
  2 studies · 200 participants
  Low

Integrated CBT vs Twelve Step Facilitation

• Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 212 participants
  Very low
• Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 181 participants
  Very low

Integrated CBT vs Twelve Step Facilitation

• Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 220 participants
  Very low
• Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 189 participants
  Very low

Integrated CBT vs Twelve Step Facilitation

It is very uncertain whether integrated CBT changes treatment retention compared with twelve Step Facilitation (very low certainty).

• Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.72, 1.25]
  2 studies · 296 participants
  Very low

Integrated CBT vs Twelve Step Facilitation

• Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 270 participants
  Very low

Therapeutic community vs treatment

Therapeutic community probably leads to lower re‐arrests compared with treatment (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.67 [0.53, 0.84]
  2 studies · 266 participants
  Moderate

Mental health treatment court with assertive case management model vs treatment

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 235 participants
  Low

Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs relaxation training

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 181 participants
  Moderate

Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs waiting list control

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 31 participants
  Low

Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs waiting list control

Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills showed no clear difference in abstinence from drug use compared with waiting list control (low certainty).

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.89 [0.73, 11.43]
  1 study · 31 participants
  Low

Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs treatment

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 40 participants
  Very low

Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs treatment

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 40 participants
  Very low

Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs treatment

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 40 participants
  Very low

Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs treatment

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 84 participants
  Very low

Multi‐systemic therapy involving family and juveniles vs treatment

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 156 participants
  Low