Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

427 questions · 437 findings · 29 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 77 · 17.6%GRADE not reported 61 · 14%Very low 130 · 29.7%Low 103 · 23.6%Moderate 54 · 12.4%High 12 · 2.7%

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs CBT plus antipsychotics

Risk for at least one adverse event per patient · schizophrenia

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics may leads to lower adverse events ‐ Participants with at least one AE (separated time… compared with CBT plus antipsychotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs antipsychotics

Global state ‐ number of participants with relapse/exacerbations of psychosis (separated time points) ‐ < 12 months · schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics changes global state ‐ number of participants with relapse/exacerbations of… compared with antipsychotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs antipsychotics

Leaving the study early/ loss to · schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics changes leaving the study early ‐ for any reason ‐ overall acceptability… compared with antipsychotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs same enzodiazepines

Global state: no improvement ‐ + haloperidol ‐ medium term As defined in each study · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in global state: no improvement ‐ + haloperidol ‐ medium term As… compared with same enzodiazepines (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs same enzodiazepines

Global state: no improvement ‐ medium termAs defined in each study · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in global state: no improvement ‐ lorazepam + risperidone vs lorazepam… compared with same enzodiazepines (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs same enzodiazepines

Global impression ‐ need for additional medication ‐ medium term Number of participants requiring additional medication · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in global state: need for additional medication ‐ + haloperidol ‐… compared with same enzodiazepines (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs same enzodiazepines

Adverse effects: any observed extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ short term (up to 6 months) · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ + haloperidol ‐… compared with same enzodiazepines (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs no specific treatment

Global state ‐ number of participants with relapse/exacerbations of psychosis (separated time points) ‐ > 1 year · schizophrenia

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics showed no clear difference in global state ‐ number of participants with relapse/exacerbations of… compared with no specific treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics vs no specific treatment

Leaving the study early/ loss to · schizophrenia

Summary of findings table ‐ CBT without antipsychotics showed no clear difference in leaving the study early ‐ for any reason ‐ overall acceptability… compared with no specific treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE vs STANDARD DRUG CARE

Global state: 1. Requiring supplementary medication ‐ antipsychotics · patients with acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses

ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE showed no clear difference in global state: 1. Requiring supplementary medication ‐ antipsychotics compared with STANDARD DRUG CARE (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review