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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Double‐balloon catheter vs vaginal PGE2 Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · women with a previous caesarean section (subgroup of all women in the study) with intact fetal membranes, cephalic… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Double‐balloon catheter vs vaginal PGE2 Caesarean section · women with a previous caesarean section (subgroup of all women in the study) with intact fetal membranes, cephalic… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.41, 2.32] | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
Double‐balloon catheter vs vaginal PGE2 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · women with a previous caesarean section (subgroup of all women in the study) with intact fetal membranes, cephalic… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vaginal PGE2 vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · women with one previous lower segment caesarean section and requiring labour induction due to prolonged pregnancy or… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Double‐balloon catheter vs vaginal PGE2 Serious maternal morbidity or death · women with a previous caesarean section (subgroup of all women in the study) with intact fetal membranes, cephalic… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral mifepristone vs Foley catheter Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · pregnant women, 40 weeks' gestation, single cephalic presentation, 1 previous low segment caesarean section Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral mifepristone vs Foley catheter Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · pregnant women, 40 weeks' gestation, single cephalic presentation, 1 previous low segment caesarean section Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral mifepristone vs Foley catheter Caesarean section · pregnant women, 40 weeks' gestation, single cephalic presentation, 1 previous low segment caesarean section Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral mifepristone vs Foley catheter Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · pregnant women, 40 weeks' gestation, single cephalic presentation, 1 previous low segment caesarean section Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral mifepristone vs Foley catheter Serious maternal morbidity or death · pregnant women, 40 weeks' gestation, single cephalic presentation, 1 previous low segment caesarean section Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vaginal isosorbide mononitrate vs Foley catheter Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · pregnant women with 1 previous lower segment caesarean section at 37 weeks and beyond, with a BS of ≤ 6, intact… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.63 [1.32, 5.21] | 1 study · 80 participants | Low |
Vaginal isosorbide mononitrate vs Foley catheter Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · pregnant women with 1 previous lower segment caesarean section at 37 weeks and beyond, with a BS of ≤ 6, intact… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vaginal isosorbide mononitrate vs Foley catheter Caesarean section · pregnant women with 1 previous lower segment caesarean section at 37 weeks and beyond, with a BS of ≤ 6, intact… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.39, 2.59] | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Vaginal isosorbide mononitrate vs Foley catheter Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · pregnant women with 1 previous lower segment caesarean section at 37 weeks and beyond, with a BS of ≤ 6, intact… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vaginal PGE2 vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin Caesarean section · women with one previous lower segment caesarean section and requiring labour induction due to prolonged pregnancy or… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.22, 2.03] | 1 study · 42 participants | Low |
Vaginal isosorbide mononitrate vs Foley catheter Serious maternal morbidity or death · pregnant women with 1 previous lower segment caesarean section at 37 weeks and beyond, with a BS of ≤ 6, intact… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
80 mL vs 30 mL Foley catheter Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · pregnant women who previously had a lower segment CS and now have a singleton cephalic presentation after at least 36… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.91, 1.2] | 1 study · 154 participants | Moderate |
80 mL vs 30 mL Foley catheter Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · pregnant women who previously had a lower segment CS and now have a singleton cephalic presentation after at least 36… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
80 mL vs 30 mL Foley catheter Caesarean section · pregnant women who previously had a lower segment CS and now have a singleton cephalic presentation after at least 36… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.89, 1.24] | 1 study · 154 participants | Moderate |
80 mL vs 30 mL Foley catheter Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · pregnant women who previously had a lower segment CS and now have a singleton cephalic presentation after at least 36… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
80 mL vs 30 mL Foley catheter Serious maternal morbidity or death · pregnant women who previously had a lower segment CS and now have a singleton cephalic presentation after at least 36… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vaginal PGE2 pessary vs vaginal PGE2 tablet Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · women with a previous caesarean section, a live singleton fetus (37‐42 weeks of gestation) in cephalic presentation… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vaginal PGE2 pessary vs vaginal PGE2 tablet Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · women with a previous caesarean section, a live singleton fetus (37‐42 weeks of gestation) in cephalic presentation… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vaginal PGE2 pessary vs vaginal PGE2 tablet Caesarean section · women with a previous caesarean section, a live singleton fetus (37‐42 weeks of gestation) in cephalic presentation… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.74, 1.6] | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
Vaginal PGE2 pessary vs vaginal PGE2 tablet Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · women with a previous caesarean section, a live singleton fetus (37‐42 weeks of gestation) in cephalic presentation… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vaginal PGE2 vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death · women with one previous lower segment caesarean section and requiring labour induction due to prolonged pregnancy or… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.13, 69.7] | 1 study · 42 participants | Low |
Vaginal PGE2 pessary vs vaginal PGE2 tablet Serious maternal morbidity or death · women with a previous caesarean section, a live singleton fetus (37‐42 weeks of gestation) in cephalic presentation… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vaginal PGE2 vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin Serious maternal morbidity or death · women with one previous lower segment caesarean section and requiring labour induction due to prolonged pregnancy or… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.13, 69.7] | 1 study · 42 participants | Low |
Vaginal misoprostol vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · women with a previous caesarean section Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vaginal misoprostol vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · women with a previous caesarean section Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vaginal misoprostol vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin Caesarean section · women with a previous caesarean section Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vaginal misoprostol vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · women with a previous caesarean section Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Combined diet and exercise interventions vs standard care (mother) GDM · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.71, 1.01] | 19 studies · 6633 participants | Moderate |
Combined diet and exercise interventions vs standard care (child) Large‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.81, 1.07] | 11 studies · 5353 participants | Low |
Combined diet and exercise interventions vs standard care (child) Mortality or morbidity composite · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Combined diet and exercise interventions vs standard care (child) Neonatal hypoglycaemia · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [0.67, 2.98] | 2 studies · 3653 participants | Low |
Combined diet and exercise interventions vs standard care (child) Childhood adiposity (latest time reported) (BMI z score) · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | MD 0.05 | 2 studies · 794 participants | Low |
Combined diet and exercise interventions vs standard care (child) Type 2 diabetes mellitus · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Combined diet and exercise interventions vs standard care (child) Neurosensory disability · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Combined diet and exercise interventions vs standard care (mother) Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pre‐eclampsia) · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.79, 1.22] | 8 studies · 5366 participants | Low |
Combined diet and exercise interventions vs standard care (mother) Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pregnancy‐induced hypertension/hypertension) · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.47, 1.27] | 6 studies · 3073 participants | Very low |
Combined diet and exercise interventions vs standard care (mother) Caesarean section · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.88, 1.02] | 14 studies · 6089 participants | Moderate |
Combined diet and exercise interventions vs standard care (mother) Perineal trauma · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.78, 2.05] | 2 studies · 2733 participants | Moderate |
Combined diet and exercise interventions vs standard care (mother) Gestational weight gain (kg) · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 5052 participants | Moderate |
Combined diet and exercise interventions vs standard care (mother) Postnatal depression · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Combined diet and exercise interventions vs standard care (mother) Type 2 diabetes mellitus · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Combined diet and exercise interventions vs standard care (child) Perinatal mortality · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.42, 1.63] | 2 studies · 3757 participants | Low |
Erythromycin vs placebo Microbiological cure · Pregnant women with a confirmed Chlamydia trachomatis infection Interventions for treating genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.64 [1.6, 4.38] | 2 studies · 495 participants | Moderate |
Clindamycin vs placebo Microbiological cure · Pregnant women with a confirmed Chlamydia trachomatis infection Interventions for treating genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 4.08 [2.35, 7.08] | 1 study · 85 participants | Low |
Amoxicillin vs placebo Microbiological cure · Pregnant women with a confirmed Chlamydia trachomatis infection Interventions for treating genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.59, 6.79] | 1 study · 15 participants | Very low |