Gap finder

Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Population

Intervention or exposure

Comparison

Outcome

Any field or review title

Field or topic

Source

Review versions

2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant

current versions

No studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Intervention NR Cystitis (lower UTI) · Patients with covert bacteriuria in children Interventions for covert bacteriuria in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 2.01 [0.78, 5.19]	2 studies · 266 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Pyelonephritis · Patients with covert bacteriuria in children Interventions for covert bacteriuria in children (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.72 [0.23, 2.23]	2 studies · 247 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Renal growth · Patients with covert bacteriuria in children Interventions for covert bacteriuria in children (2012) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 355 participants	Very low
Rheum officinale vs no treatment Incidence of ESKD Analysis method, calculated by regression analysis: 1/SCr versus time. · Patients with chronic kidney disease Rheum officinale (a traditional Chinese medicine) for chronic kidney disease (2012) · Cochrane	RR 0.53 [0.28, 1]	2 studies · 124 participants	Low
Rheum officinale vs captopril Full time working capacity Unclear quality of life scale · Patients chronic kidney disease Rheum officinale (a traditional Chinese medicine) for chronic kidney disease (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.02 [0.39, 2.71]	1 study · 20 participants	Low
Rheum officinale vs captopril Part‐time working capacity Unclear quality of life scale · Patients chronic kidney disease Rheum officinale (a traditional Chinese medicine) for chronic kidney disease (2012) · Cochrane	RR 1.64 [0.38, 6.98]	1 study · 20 participants	Low
Teicoplanin vs vancomycin Nephrotoxicity · patients with proven or suspected infection Teicoplanin versus vancomycin for proven or suspected infection (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.66 [0.48, 0.9]	23 studies · 2596 participants	Moderate
Teicoplanin vs vancomycin Clinical cure or improvement · patients with proven or suspected infection Teicoplanin versus vancomycin for proven or suspected infection (2010) · Cochrane	RR 1.03 [0.98, 1.08]	20 studies · 1703 participants	Moderate
Teicoplanin vs vancomycin Microbiological cure · patients with proven or suspected infection Teicoplanin versus vancomycin for proven or suspected infection (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.93, 1.03]	16 studies · 914 participants	Moderate
Teicoplanin vs vancomycin Renal failure needing dialysis2 · patients with proven or suspected infection Teicoplanin versus vancomycin for proven or suspected infection (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 606 participants	Ungraded
Teicoplanin vs vancomycin Mortality · patients with proven or suspected infection Teicoplanin versus vancomycin for proven or suspected infection (2010) · Cochrane	RR 1.02 [0.79, 1.3]	16 studies · 1565 participants	Low
Teicoplanin vs vancomycin Cutaneous rash · patients with proven or suspected infection Teicoplanin versus vancomycin for proven or suspected infection (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.57 [0.35, 0.92]	18 studies · 1823 participants	Moderate
Teicoplanin vs vancomycin Total adverse events · patients with proven or suspected infection Teicoplanin versus vancomycin for proven or suspected infection (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.56 [0.33, 0.95]	11 studies · 880 participants	Very low
HES vs other fluids Renal Replacement Therapy ‐ Sepsis · patients with Intravascular Volume Depletion Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function (2010) · Cochrane	RR 1.59 [1.2, 2.1]	3 studies · 702 participants	High
HES vs other fluids RIFLE (Failure) ‐ Non‐Sepsis · patients with Intravascular Volume Depletion Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.49 [0.07, 3.73]	2 studies · 185 participants	Moderate
High MW HES vs Low MW HES RIFLE (Risk or worse) · patients with Intravascular Volume Depletion Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.54 [0.05, 5.59]	2 studies · 113 participants	Moderate
High MW HES vs Low MW HES RIFLE (Injury or worse) · patients with Intravascular Volume Depletion Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function (2010) · Cochrane	RR 3.21 [0.14, 75.68]	3 studies · 162 participants	Moderate
High MW HES vs Low MW HES RIFLE (Failure) · patients with Intravascular Volume Depletion Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 162 participants	Moderate
HES vs other fluids Renal Replacement Therapy ‐ Non‐Sepsis · patients with Intravascular Volume Depletion Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.44 [0.14, 1.38]	8 studies · 487 participants	Moderate
HES vs other fluids Renal Failure (author defined) ‐ Sepsis · patients with Intravascular Volume Depletion Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function (2010) · Cochrane	RR 1.55 [1.22, 1.96]	4 studies · 832 participants	Moderate
HES vs other fluids Renal Failure (author defined) ‐ Non‐Sepsis · patients with Intravascular Volume Depletion Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function (2010) · Cochrane	RR 1.13 [0.57, 2.25]	5 studies · 367 participants	Low
HES vs other fluids RIFLE (Risk or worse) ‐ Sepsis · patients with Intravascular Volume Depletion Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function (2010) · Cochrane	RR 1.28 [0.81, 2.02]	2 studies · 140 participants	High
HES vs other fluids RIFLE (Risk or worse) ‐ Non‐Sepsis · patients with Intravascular Volume Depletion Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.88 [0.27, 2.85]	2 studies · 185 participants	Moderate
HES vs other fluids RIFLE (Injury or worse) ‐ Sepsis · patients with Intravascular Volume Depletion Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function (2010) · Cochrane	RR 1.39 [0.84, 2.3]	2 studies · 140 participants	High
HES vs other fluids RIFLE (Injury or worse) ‐ Non‐Sepsis · patients with Intravascular Volume Depletion Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.81 [0.12, 5.4]	2 studies · 185 participants	Moderate
HES vs other fluids RIFLE (Failure) ‐ Sepsis · patients with Intravascular Volume Depletion Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function (2010) · Cochrane	RR 1.45 [0.8, 2.64]	2 studies · 140 participants	High
Intraperitoneal vs oral calcitriol Abnormal bone histology Bone biopsy · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	RR 1.06 [0.7, 1.61]	1 study · 33 participants	Low
Intermittent oral vs daily oral calcitriol Fall in PTH · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.88 [0.65, 1.19]	1 study · 59 participants	Moderate
Intermittent oral vs daily oral calcitriol Kidney function mL/min/1.73 m(2) · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 83 participants	Moderate
Intermittent oral vs daily oral calcitriol Adverse events ‐ Calcium > 11.5 mg/dL · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 80 participants	Moderate
Intermittent oral vs daily oral calcitriol Adverse events ‐ Phosphorus level > 7.5 mg/dL · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 59 participants	Low
Vitamin D preparations vs placebo/no treatment PTH pg/mL · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 12 participants	Low
Vitamin D preparations vs placebo/no treatment Number without 30% fall in PTH on two occasions · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.6 [0.4, 0.89]	2 studies · 76 participants	Low
Vitamin D preparations vs placebo/no treatment Hypercalcaemia · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 103 participants	Low
Vitamin D preparations vs placebo/no treatment Change in calcium‐phosphorus product mg(2)/dL(2) · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 76 participants	Moderate
Calcitriol vs ergocalciferol Height velocity equal to or greater than expected · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.22 [0.03, 1.53]	1 study · 15 participants	Very low
Calcitriol vs ergocalciferol Improved bone histology · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	RR 1.53 [0.77, 3.06]	1 study · 15 participants	Very low
Intraperitoneal vs oral calcitriol Adynamic bone disease Bone histology · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	RR 1.49 [0.59, 3.74]	1 study · 33 participants	Low
Calcitriol vs ergocalciferol PTH ng/mL · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 13 participants	Very low
Calcitriol vs ergocalciferol Hypercalcaemia · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	RR 1.75 [0.68, 4.5]	1 study · 15 participants	Very low
Calcitriol vs ergocalciferol Calcium mmol/L · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 13 participants	Very low
Calcitriol vs ergocalciferol Phosphorus mmol/L · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 13 participants	Very low
Calcitriol vs ergocalciferol ALP U/L · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 13 participants	Very low
Calcium carbonate vs aluminium hydroxide Height SDS · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 17 participants	Very low
Calcium carbonate vs aluminium hydroxide Abnormal bone biopsy Bone histology · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.35 [0.13, 0.95]	1 study · 17 participants	Very low
Calcium carbonate vs aluminium hydroxide Bone aluminium mg/kg dry weight · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 17 participants	Very low
Calcium carbonate vs aluminium hydroxide PTH mL‐Eq/L · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 17 participants	Very low
Calcium carbonate vs aluminium hydroxide ALP U/L · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 17 participants	Very low
Intraperitoneal vs oral calcitriol Osteitis fibrosa Bone histology · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.35 [0.08, 1.51]	1 study · 33 participants	Low
Calcium carbonate vs aluminium hydroxide Hypercalcaemia · patients with bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 17 participants	Very low