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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes Mobility or restriction during labour · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes Postnatal depression · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes Apgar < 7 at 5 minutes · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.2, 2.87] | 2 studies · 2598 participants | Very low |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes Cord blood acidosis · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes Seizures in the neonatal period · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.05 [0, 0.91] | 1 study · 627 participants | Very low |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes Perinatal mortality · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.09, 5.4] | 2 studies · 2597 participants | Very low |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes Composite of mortality and serious morbidity · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes Cord blood acidosis · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes Cerebral palsy · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes Neurosensory disability · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes Caesarean section for fetal distress and/or fetal acidosis · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.71 [1.64, 4.48] | 1 study · 627 participants | Moderate |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes Instrumental vaginal birth · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [0.78, 2.32] | 1 study · 627 participants | Low |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes Maternal mortality · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes Any pharmacological or non‐pharmacological analgesia use excluding epidural · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes Epidural anaesthesia for pain relief excluding for caesarean section · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes Mobility or restriction during labour · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes Postnatal depression · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes Apgar < 7 at 5 minutes · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.35, 2.31] | 1 study · 625 participants | Very low |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes Neonatal seizures · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.05 [0, 0.89] | 1 study · 633 participants | Low |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes Cord blood acidosis · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes Neonatal seizures · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.24, 1.88] | 1 study · 625 participants | Very low |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes Perinatal mortality · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.19, 1.67] | 1 study · 625 participants | Very low |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes Composite of mortality and serious morbidity · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes Cerebral palsy · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes Neurosensory disability · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes Caesarean section for fetal distress and/or fetal acidosis · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.35, 1.38] | 1 study · 625 participants | Low |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes Instrumental vaginal birth · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.69, 2.11] | 1 study · 625 participants | Low |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes Maternal morbidity · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes Any pharmacological or non‐pharmacological analgesia use excluding epidural · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes Perinatal mortality · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.34, 2.25] | 1 study · 633 participants | Very low |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes Epidural anaesthesia for pain relief excluding caesarean section · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes Mobility or restriction during labour · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes Postnatal depression · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes Composite of mortality and serious morbidity · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes Cerebral palsy · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes Neurosensory disability · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes Caesarean section for fetal distress and/or fetal acidosis · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.92 [1.78, 4.8] | 1 study · 633 participants | Moderate |
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes Instrumental vaginal birth · women in established labour and their babies. Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.46 [0.86, 2.49] | 1 study · 633 participants | Low |
Cerclage vs no cerclage All perinatal losses · preventing preterm birth in women with singleton pregnancy Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.65, 1.04] | 10 studies · 2927 participants | Moderate |
Cerclage vs no cerclage Serious neonatal morbidity · preventing preterm birth in women with singleton pregnancy Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.55, 1.18] | 6 studies · 883 participants | Low |
Cerclage vs no cerclage Baby discharged home healthy · preventing preterm birth in women with singleton pregnancy Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.97, 1.06] | 4 studies · 657 participants | Moderate |
Cerclage vs no cerclage Stillbirths · preventing preterm birth in women with singleton pregnancy Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.45, 1.75] | 5 studies · 1803 participants | Low |
Cerclage vs no cerclage Neonatal deaths before discharge · preventing preterm birth in women with singleton pregnancy Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.53, 1.39] | 6 studies · 1714 participants | Low |
Cerclage vs no cerclage Preterm birth before 34 completed weeks · preventing preterm birth in women with singleton pregnancy Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.66, 0.89] | 9 studies · 2415 participants | High |
Spontaneous pushing vs directed pushing Duration of second stage (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 667 participants | Very low |
Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural) Admission to neonatal intensive care · women in the second stage of labour with epidural in situ Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.67, 1.41] | 3 studies · 2197 participants | Low |
Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural) Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy · women in the second stage of labour with epidural in situ Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural) 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 · women in the second stage of labour with epidural in situ Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.15 [0.01, 3] | 3 studies · 413 participants | Very low |
Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural) Duration of pushing (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural in situ Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 2932 participants | Very low |
Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural) Spontaneous vaginal delivery · women in the second stage of labour with epidural in situ Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [1.03, 1.11] | 12 studies · 3114 participants | Moderate |