Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,756 questions · 13,493 findings · 1,305 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 2,594 · 19.2%GRADE not reported 728 · 5.4%Very low 2,868 · 21.3%Low 3,777 · 28%Moderate 2,620 · 19.4%High 906 · 6.7%

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Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo

CVD events: total (fatal and non‐fatal) · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors showed no clear difference in CVD events: total (fatal and non‐fatal) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo

Number of participants reporting an adverse event · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors may leads to higher adverse events: number reporting an adverse event compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) vs placebo

Number of participants reporting an adverse event · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD

It is very uncertain whether angiotensin receptor blockers changes adverse events (number reporting an adverse event) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review