It is very uncertain whether infant outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) changes large‐for‐gestational age compared with insulin (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.12 [0.73, 1.72]
1 study · 206 participants
Very low

Metformin vs insulin

Perinatal mortality · women with type 2 diabetes

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 220 participants
Very low

Metformin vs insulin

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: pre‐eclampsia · women with type 2 diabetes

It is very uncertain whether maternal outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) changes hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: pre‐eclampsia compared with insulin (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.63 [0.33, 1.2]
2 studies · 227 participants
Very low

Metformin vs insulin

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pregnancy‐induced hypertension) · women with type 2 diabetes

Maternal outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) may leads to lower hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: pregnancy‐induced hypertension compared with insulin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.58 [0.37, 0.91]
1 study · 206 participants
Low

Metformin vs insulin

Caesarean section · women with type 2 diabetes

Maternal outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) may leads to lower caesarean section compared with insulin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.73 [0.61, 0.88]
3 studies · 241 participants
Low

Metformin vs insulin

Induction of labour · women with type 2 diabetes

It is very uncertain whether maternal outcomes: oral anti‐diabetic agent (metformin) changes induction of labour compared with insulin (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.42 [0.62, 3.28]
2 studies · 35 participants
Very low

Metformin vs insulin

Perineal trauma · women with type 2 diabetes

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Metformin vs insulin

Postnatal depression · women with type 2 diabetes

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Metformin vs insulin

Postnatal weight retention · women with type 2 diabetes

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Self‐monitoring or self‐management of oral anticoagulation vs usual care

Thromboembolic events · Patients on long‐term anticoagulant therapy (treatment duration longer than two months) irrespective of the indication for treatment

Self‐monitoring or self‐management of oral anticoagulation probably leads to lower thromboembolic events compared with standard care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Self‐monitoring and self‐management of oral anticoagulation 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.58 [0.45, 0.74]
18 studies · 7594 participants
Moderate

Self‐monitoring or self‐management of oral anticoagulation vs usual care

All‐cause mortality · Patients on long‐term anticoagulant therapy (treatment duration longer than two months) irrespective of the indication for treatment

Self‐monitoring or self‐management of oral anticoagulation showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with standard care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Self‐monitoring and self‐management of oral anticoagulation 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.71, 1.01]
11 studies · 6358 participants
Moderate

Self‐monitoring or self‐management of oral anticoagulation vs usual care

Major bleeding · Patients on long‐term anticoagulant therapy (treatment duration longer than two months) irrespective of the indication for treatment

Self‐monitoring or self‐management of oral anticoagulation showed no clear difference in major haemorrhage compared with standard care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Self‐monitoring and self‐management of oral anticoagulation 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.8, 1.12]
20 studies · 8018 participants
Moderate

Self‐monitoring or self‐management of oral anticoagulation vs usual care

Minor haemorrhage · Patients on long‐term anticoagulant therapy (treatment duration longer than two months) irrespective of the indication for treatment

Self‐monitoring or self‐management of oral anticoagulation showed no clear difference in minor haemorrhage compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Self‐monitoring and self‐management of oral anticoagulation 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.67, 1.41]
13 studies · 5365 participants
Low

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs placebo or usual care

Incidence of VAP · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care probably leads to lower incidence of VAP compared with placebo or usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
Follow-up: mean 1 month
RR 0.67 [0.47, 0.97]
13 studies · 1206 participants
Moderate

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs placebo or usual care

Adverse effects · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU

1 finding from 1 review

Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
Adverse effects: information from 2 studies; one stated there were none, the other reported mild reversible irritation of the oral mucosa; very low certainty. There was a lack of evidence about adverse effects.
2 studies
Very low