What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in cytisine (low certainty).

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.94 [0.58, 1.5]
  5 studies · 2915 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in nicotine patch (low certainty).

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.96 [0.71, 1.29]
  27 studies · 12602 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) (low certainty).

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.07 [0.75, 1.54]
  18 studies · 5551 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in nicotine EC (low certainty).

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.79 [0.5, 1.23]
  7 studies · 1642 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in bupropion (moderate certainty).

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.35 [0.97, 1.92]
  22 studies · 7231 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to higher varenicline (high certainty).

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.33 [2.02, 2.68]
  67 studies · 16430 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to higher cytisine (high certainty).

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.21 [1.66, 2.97]
  7 studies · 3848 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to higher nicotine patch (high certainty).

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.37 [1.2, 1.56]
  105 studies · 37319 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to higher fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) (high certainty).

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.41 [1.29, 1.55]
  120 studies · 31756 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to higher nicotine EC (high certainty).

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.37 [1.73, 3.24]
  16 studies · 3828 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐nicotine/placebo EC (low certainty).

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.16 [0.74, 1.8]
  8 studies · 1094 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to higher bupropion (high certainty).

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.43 [1.26, 1.62]
  71 studies · 14759 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher nortriptyline (moderate certainty).

• Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.35 [1.02, 1.81]
  10 studies · 1290 participants
  Moderate

Topical anesthetics vs placebo or no intervention

• Pharmacological interventions for the management of pain and discomfort during lumbar puncture in newborn infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Retrograde intramedullary nail (RIMN) vs locking plate

It is very uncertain whether retrograde intramedullary nail (RIMN) changes direct adverse events (reoperation): we report reoperation for… compared with locking plate (very low certainty).

• Interventions for treating fractures of the distal femur in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.48 [0.55, 4]
  1 study · 114 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Remifentanil vs diazepam

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Perioperative pharmacological interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive procedures 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Family‐centred care vs control

• Family‐centred interventions for Indigenous early childhood well‐being by primary healthcare services 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 2386 participants
  Very low

Family‐centred care vs control

• Family‐centred interventions for Indigenous early childhood well‐being by primary healthcare services 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 384 participants
  Very low