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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening Childhood/adulthood adiposity · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening Childhood/adulthood type 2 diabetes mellitus · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening Childhood/adulthood neurosensory disability · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Primary care screening vs secondary care screening Gestational diabetes mellitus · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.5, 1.66] | 1 study · 690 participants | Low |
Primary care screening vs secondary care screening Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: hypertension · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 [0.77, 2.59] | 1 study · 690 participants | Low |
Primary care screening vs secondary care screening Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: pre‐eclampsia toxemia · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.36, 1.78] | 1 study · 690 participants | Low |
Primary care screening vs secondary care screening Caesarean birth · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.8, 1.27] | 1 study · 690 participants | Low |
Primary care screening vs secondary care screening Perineal trauma · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Primary care screening vs secondary care screening Gestational weight gain · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Primary care screening vs secondary care screening Postnatal depression · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Primary care screening vs secondary care screening Type 2 diabetes mellitus · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Primary care screening vs secondary care screening Large‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.37 [0.96, 1.96] | 1 study · 690 participants | Low |
Primary care screening vs secondary care screening Perinatal mortality · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.1, 12.12] | 1 study · 690 participants | Very low |
Primary care screening vs secondary care screening Neonatal mortality or morbidity composite: neonatal complications · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.57, 1.71] | 1 study · 690 participants | Low |
Primary care screening vs secondary care screening Hypoglycaemia · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.28, 4.38] | 1 study · 690 participants | Very low |
Primary care screening vs secondary care screening Childhood/adulthood adiposity · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Primary care screening vs secondary care screening Childhood/adulthood type 2 diabetes mellitus · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Primary care screening vs secondary care screening Childhood/adulthood neurosensory disability · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening Caesarean birth · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening Perineal trauma · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening Gestational weight gain · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening Postnatal depression · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening Type 2 diabetes mellitus · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening Large‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening Perinatal mortality · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Misoprostol vs expectant care Complete miscarriage · incomplete miscarriage Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.72, 2.1] | 2 studies · 150 participants | Very low |
Misoprostol vs surgery Unplanned surgical intervention · incomplete miscarriage Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 5.03 [2.71, 9.35] | 11 studies · 2690 participants | Low |
Misoprostol vs surgery Women's views/acceptability of method · incomplete miscarriage Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.99, 1] | 9 studies · 3349 participants | Moderate |
Misoprostol vs surgery Nausea · incomplete miscarriage Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.5 [1.53, 4.09] | 11 studies · 3015 participants | Low |
Misoprostol vs surgery Vomiting · incomplete miscarriage Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.97 [1.36, 2.85] | 10 studies · 2977 participants | Moderate |
Misoprostol vs surgery Diarrhoea · incomplete miscarriage Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 4.82 [1.09, 21.32] | 4 studies · 757 participants | Moderate |
Misoprostol vs expectant care Surgical evacuation · incomplete miscarriage Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.17, 2.26] | 2 studies · 308 participants | Low |
Misoprostol vs expectant care Unplanned surgical intervention · incomplete miscarriage Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.17, 2.26] | 2 studies · 308 participants | Low |
Misoprostol vs expectant care Women's views/acceptability of method · incomplete miscarriage Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Misoprostol vs expectant care Nausea · incomplete miscarriage Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Misoprostol vs expectant care Vomiting · incomplete miscarriage Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Misoprostol vs expectant care Diarrhoea · incomplete miscarriage Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Misoprostol vs surgery Complete miscarriage · incomplete miscarriage Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.94, 0.98] | 15 studies · 3862 participants | Very low |
Misoprostol vs surgery Surgical evacuation · incomplete miscarriage Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.05 [0.02, 0.11] | 13 studies · 3070 participants | Very low |
Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound Any perinatal death after randomisation · pregnant women at increased risk of fetal complications Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high‐risk pregnancies (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.52, 0.98] | 16 studies · 10225 participants | Moderate |
Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound Serious neonatal morbidity · pregnant women at increased risk of fetal complications Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high‐risk pregnancies (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1098 participants | Very low |
Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound Stillbirth · pregnant women at increased risk of fetal complications Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high‐risk pregnancies (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.41, 1.04] | 15 studies · 9560 participants | Low |
Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound Apgar < 7 at 5 minutes · pregnant women at increased risk of fetal complications Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high‐risk pregnancies (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.69, 1.24] | 7 studies · 6321 participants | Low |
Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound Caesarean section (elective and emergency) · pregnant women at increased risk of fetal complications Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high‐risk pregnancies (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.84, 0.97] | 14 studies · 7918 participants | Moderate |
Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound Induction of labour · pregnant women at increased risk of fetal complications Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high‐risk pregnancies (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.8, 0.99] | 10 studies · 5633 participants | Moderate |
Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound vs no Doppler ultrasound Long‐term infant neurodevelopmental outcome (impairment at 2 years) · pregnant women at increased risk of fetal complications Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high‐risk pregnancies (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Vaginal PGE₂ vs placebo or expectant management Vaginal birth not achieved within 24 h · women requiring term labour induction Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intracervical PGE₂ vs placebo Uterine hyperstimulation (with fetal heart rate changes) · women requiring induction of labour Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.66 [0.63, 11.25] | 4 studies · 488 participants | Low |
Intracervical PGE₂ vs placebo Caesarean section · women requiring induction of labour Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.72, 1.12] | 7 studies · 674 participants | Moderate |