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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Calcium‐enriched bread vs calcium acetate Cardiovascular events · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calcium‐enriched bread vs calcium acetate Fracture · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very low vs low protein diet Serum phosphorus · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 41 participants | Very low |
Very low vs low protein diet PTH · people with CKD‐MBD Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 41 participants | Very low |
CHM vs antibiotics Effectiveness · women with recurrent UTI Chinese herbal medicine for treating recurrent urinary tract infections in women (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [1.13, 1.37] | 3 studies · 282 participants | Very low |
CHM vs antibiotics Recurrence · women with recurrent UTI Chinese herbal medicine for treating recurrent urinary tract infections in women (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.09, 0.82] | 3 studies · 282 participants | Very low |
CHM plus antibiotics vs antibiotics Effectiveness · women with recurrent UTI Chinese herbal medicine for treating recurrent urinary tract infections in women (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [1.04, 1.47] | 2 studies · 120 participants | Very low |
CHM plus antibiotics vs antibiotics Recurrence · women with recurrent UTI Chinese herbal medicine for treating recurrent urinary tract infections in women (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.32, 0.77] | 2 studies · 120 participants | Very low |
CHM vs CHM Effectiveness · women with recurrent UTI Chinese herbal medicine for treating recurrent urinary tract infections in women (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [1.03, 1.57] | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
CHM vs CHM Recurrence · women with recurrent UTI Chinese herbal medicine for treating recurrent urinary tract infections in women (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.21, 0.77] | 2 studies · 140 participants | Very low |
CHM vs CHM Quality of life · women with recurrent UTI Chinese herbal medicine for treating recurrent urinary tract infections in women (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Acute kidney injury · adults undergoing surgery requiring cardiac bypass HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for preventing acute kidney injury after surgical procedures… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.46, 1.28] | 5 studies · 467 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Serum creatinine · adults undergoing surgery requiring cardiac bypass HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for preventing acute kidney injury after surgical procedures… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 195 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Renal replacement therapy · adults undergoing surgery requiring cardiac bypass HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for preventing acute kidney injury after surgical procedures… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.23, 2.81] | 2 studies · 251 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mortality · adults undergoing surgery requiring cardiac bypass HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for preventing acute kidney injury after surgical procedures… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 3.86 [0.43, 34.4] | 5 studies · 381 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse events · adults undergoing surgery requiring cardiac bypass HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for preventing acute kidney injury after surgical procedures… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [1.47, 2.68] | 1 study · 140 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR ICU ‐ intensive care unit · adults undergoing surgery requiring cardiac bypass HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for preventing acute kidney injury after surgical procedures… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amphotericin B deoxycholate vs liposomal amphotericin B: effects on kidney function Increase in SCr level: ≥ two‐fold from baseline level SCr level (mg/dL) · patients in treatment with amphotericin B Amphotericin B deoxycholate versus liposomal amphotericin B: effects on kidney function (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.4, 0.59] | 10 studies · 2172 participants | Moderate |
Oral vs IV followed by oral (11 days) therapy Time to fever resolution (hours) · children with acute pyelonephritis Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 808 participants | Moderate |
Different dosing regimens of aminoglycosides (daily vs 8 hourly) Increase in serum creatinine during treatment · children with acute pyelonephritis Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.2, 2.82] | 3 studies · 419 participants | Low |
Agent: Third generation cephalosporin vs other antibiotic Persistent bacteriuria · children with acute pyelonephritis Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2.41 [0.98, 5.93] | 3 studies · 439 participants | Low |
Agent: Third generation cephalosporin vs other antibiotic Recurrent UTI after end of therapy · children with acute pyelonephritis Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.32, 4.74] | 4 studies · 491 participants | Low |
Agent: Third generation cephalosporin vs other antibiotic Persistent symptoms after end of treatment · children with acute pyelonephritis Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.13, 0.62] | 3 studies · 471 participants | Low |
Oral vs IV followed by oral (11 days) therapy Renal parenchymal damage at 6 to 12 months: all included children with acute pyelonephritis DMSA scans · children with acute pyelonephritis Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.59, 1.12] | 4 studies · 943 participants | Moderate |
Oral vs IV followed by oral (11 days) therapy Renal parenchymal damage at 6 to 12 months: children with renal parenchymal damage on initial DMSA · children with acute pyelonephritis Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.61, 1.03] | 4 studies · 681 participants | Moderate |
Short duration (3 to 4 days) vs long duration (7 to 14 days) IV therapy Persistent bacteriuria after treatment · children with acute pyelonephritis Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.24, 2.55] | 4 studies · 305 participants | Low |
Short duration (3 to 4 days) vs long duration (7 to 14 days) IV therapy Recurrent UTI within 6 months · children with acute pyelonephritis Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.58, 1.62] | 5 studies · 993 participants | Moderate |
Short duration (3 to 4 days) vs long duration (7 to 14 days) IV therapy Persistent renal damage at 3 to 6 months: all included children with acute pyelonephritis · children with acute pyelonephritis Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.8, 1.29] | 4 studies · 726 participants | Moderate |
Short duration (3 to 4 days) vs long duration (7 to 14 days) IV therapy Persistent renal damage at 3 to 6 months: children with initial renal parenchymal damage on initial DMSA scan · children with acute pyelonephritis Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.84, 1.45] | 3 studies · 315 participants | Moderate |
Different dosing regimens of aminoglycosides (daily vs 8 hourly) Persistent bacteriuria after 1 to 3 days of treatment · children with acute pyelonephritis Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.15, 7.27] | 3 studies · 435 participants | Low |
Different dosing regimens of aminoglycosides (daily vs 8 hourly) Hearing impairment following treatment · children with acute pyelonephritis Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2.83 [0.33, 24.56] | 3 studies · 271 participants | Low |
CERA vs other ESA Final Hb g/dL: CERA every 2 weeks versus rHuEPO · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1126 participants | High |
Intervention NR Transfusion · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.52, 2.37] | 2 studies · 822 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Numbers of adverse effects due to hypertension · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.83, 1.67] | 2 studies · 822 participants | High |
Intervention NR Numbers of adverse events due to access thrombosis · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.64, 1.43] | 2 studies · 822 participants | High |
Darbepoetin vs rHuEPO Final/change in Hb (g/dL) · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease in dialysis patients Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1245 participants | Moderate |
Darbepoetin vs rHuEPO Final/change in ESA dose · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease in dialysis patients Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 757 participants | Low |
Darbepoetin vs rHuEPO All‐cause mortality · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease in dialysis patients Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.82, 2.02] | 5 studies · 1596 participants | Moderate |
Darbepoetin vs rHuEPO Total treatment‐related adverse events · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease in dialysis patients Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 570 participants | Ungraded |
Darbepoetin vs rHuEPO Hypertension · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease in dialysis patients Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1475 participants | Low |
Darbepoetin vs rHuEPO Access thrombosis/vascular complication · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease in dialysis patients Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1475 participants | Moderate |
Darbepoetin vs rHuEPO Transfusion · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease in dialysis patients Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1069 participants | Moderate |
CERA vs other ESA Final Hb g/dL: CERA every 4 week versus rHuEPO · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 672 participants | High |
rHuEPO once/week vs rHuEPO 2 to 3 times/week Final/change in Hb · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 363 participants | Low |
rHuEPO once/week vs rHuEPO 2 to 3 times/week Final/change in EPO dose · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 217 participants | Low |
rHuEPO once/week vs rHuEPO 2 to 3 times/week Adverse effects: transfusions · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 173 participants | Ungraded |
rHuEPO once/week vs rHuEPO 2 to 3 times/week Adverse effects: hypertension · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 175 participants | Low |
rHuEPO once/week vs rHuEPO 2 to 3 times/week Adverse effects: access problems · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 173 participants | Ungraded |
CERA vs other ESA Final Hb g/dL: CERA every 2 week versus darbepoetin · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 249 participants | Moderate |
CERA vs other ESA All‐cause mortality: CERA every 2 weeks versus rHuEPO · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.67, 1.57] | 4 studies · 1341 participants | Moderate |