Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,678 questions · 4,859 findings · 283 reviews

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No studies found 1,225 · 25.2%GRADE not reported 215 · 4.4%Very low 1,241 · 25.5%Low 1,210 · 24.9%Moderate 776 · 16%High 192 · 4%

Summary of findings ‐ Hydrotherapy vs no exercise

Strength: knee flexor and extensor strength · participants with haemophilia

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise for haemophilia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 20 participants
Very low

Oral steroids vs control

Hearing loss · Children with otitis media with effusion

Summary of findings: oral steroids showed no clear difference in hearing loss [6 weeks] compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.09 [0.8, 1.49]
1 study · 44 participants
Moderate

Oral steroids vs control

OME resolution at short‐term · Children with otitis media with effusion

Summary of findings: oral steroids showed no clear difference in OME resolution at short‐term compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.8 [0.93, 15.52]
3 studies · 108 participants
Moderate

Oral steroids vs control

OME resolution at intermediate‐term · Children with otitis media with effusion

Summary of findings: oral steroids showed no clear difference in OME resolution at intermediate‐term compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.54 [0.76, 3.14]
3 studies · 106 participants
Moderate

Oral steroids vs control

OME resolution at long‐term · Children with otitis media with effusion

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral steroids vs control

Symptoms · Children with otitis media with effusion

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral steroids vs control

Adverse effects [4 to 6 weeks] · Children with otitis media with effusion

1 finding from 1 review

Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 143 participants
GRADE not reported

Summary of findings table ‐ Protein vs standard diet

Gastrointestinal adverse events · patients (> 65 years) following hip fracture; patients with a recent stroke

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Protein changes side effects: at least one adverse gastrointestinal event compared with standard diet (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.7 [0.06, 7.96]
2 studies · 140 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Protein vs standard diet

Costs ‐ not reported · patients (> 65 years) following hip fracture; patients with a recent stroke

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Protein vs standard diet

Health‐related quality of life ‐ not reported · patients (> 65 years) following hip fracture; patients with a recent stroke

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Protein vs standard diet

Incidence of pressure ulcers · patients (> 65 years) following hip fracture; patients with a recent stroke

Summary of findings table ‐ Protein showed no clear difference in incidence of pressure ulcers compared with standard diet (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.75 [0.49, 1.14]
4 studies · 4264 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Protein vs standard diet

Time to pressure ulcer development · patients (> 65 years) following hip fracture; patients with a recent stroke

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Protein vs standard diet

Acceptability of nutritional supplements ‐ not reported · patients (> 65 years) following hip fracture; patients with a recent stroke

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Heart rate · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 784 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Duration of crying (seconds) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
16 studies · 1866 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Percentage of time crying · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 359 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 1432 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Neonatal Facial Coding Score (NFCS) (Breastfeeding versus control) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 235 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Douleur Aigue du Nouveau‐né (DAN) scale · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 709 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Any adverse outcome · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found