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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Adverse events: CMV Infection · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.44, 0.82] | 13 studies · 2503 participants | Moderate |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal vs standard dose CNI Acute rejection · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.54 [1.56, 4.12] | 15 studies · 1666 participants | Moderate |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Adverse events: malignancy · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.47, 1] | 14 studies · 3699 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Adverse events: lymphocele · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.45 [0.95, 2.21] | 8 studies · 1926 participants | Low |
Low dose CNI calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Death · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.71, 1.9] | 11 studies · 2750 participants | Moderate |
Low dose CNI calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Acute rejection · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.91, 1.4] | 16 studies · 3300 participants | Moderate |
Low dose CNI calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI GFR · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 1749 participants | Moderate |
Low dose CNI calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Graft loss · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.45, 1.01] | 16 studies · 3304 participants | Moderate |
Low dose CNI calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Adverse events: hypertension · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.8, 1.2] | 5 studies · 1421 participants | Low |
Low dose CNI calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Adverse events: CMV infection · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.16, 1.06] | 5 studies · 1250 participants | Low |
Low dose CNI calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Adverse events: malignancy · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.42, 3.52] | 5 studies · 1074 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) avoidance and late CNI withdrawal vs standard dose CNI Acute rejection: avoidance · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.16 [0.85, 5.49] | 3 studies · 238 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal vs standard dose CNI GFR · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 910 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) avoidance and late CNI withdrawal vs standard dose CNI Acute rejection: late withdrawal · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 3.21 [1.59, 6.48] | 12 studies · 1428 participants | Moderate |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) avoidance and late CNI withdrawal vs standard dose CNI GFR: avoidance · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 242 participants | Very low |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) avoidance and late CNI withdrawal vs standard dose CNI GFR: late withdrawal · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 668 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) avoidance and late CNI withdrawal vs standard dose CNI Graft loss: avoidance · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.79, 1.16] | 4 studies · 566 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) avoidance and late CNI withdrawal vs standard dose CNI Graft loss: late withdrawal · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.72, 0.97] | 13 studies · 1831 participants | Moderate |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) avoidance and late withdrawal with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Acute rejection: avoidance · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.98, 1.65] | 11 studies · 1844 participants | Moderate |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) avoidance and late withdrawal with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Acute rejection: late withdrawal · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.9 [1.44, 2.51] | 17 studies · 3636 participants | Moderate |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) avoidance and late withdrawal with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI GFR: avoidance · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1748 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) avoidance and late withdrawal with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI GFR: late withdrawal · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 2679 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) avoidance and late withdrawal with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Graft loss: avoidance · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.72, 1.48] | 8 studies · 1420 participants | Moderate |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal vs standard dose CNI Graft loss · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.74, 0.98] | 16 studies · 2090 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) avoidance and late withdrawal with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI Graft loss: late withdrawal · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.65, 1.3] | 17 studies · 4026 participants | Moderate |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal vs standard dose CNI Adverse events: hypertension · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.71, 0.95] | 950 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal vs standard dose CNI Adverse events: CMV infection · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.52, 1.45] | 7 studies · 608 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal vs standard dose CNI Adverse events: malignancy · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.93, 1.3] | 6 studies · 1079 participants | Low |
Low dose calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) vs to standard dose CNI Death · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.5, 1.27] | 15 studies · 3462 participants | Moderate |
Low dose calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) vs to standard dose CNI Acute rejection · kidney transplant recipients Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.76, 1] | 19 studies · 3757 participants | Moderate |
Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) vs placebo, no treatment or usual care Death at 6 months · CKD patients Uric acid lowering therapies for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.66 [0.61, 4.48] | 2 studies · 498 participants | Low |
Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) vs placebo, no treatment or usual care Death at 2 years · CKD patients Uric acid lowering therapies for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.02, 1.06] | 2 studies · 220 participants | Low |
Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) vs placebo, no treatment or usual care Dialysis at 2 years · CKD patients Uric acid lowering therapies for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.05, 3] | 2 studies · 220 participants | Low |
Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) vs placebo, no treatment or usual care Serum creatinine at 1 year · CKD patients Uric acid lowering therapies for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 83 participants | Low |
Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) vs placebo, no treatment or usual care eGFR at 2 years · CKD patients Uric acid lowering therapies for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 164 participants | Moderate |
Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) vs placebo, no treatment or usual care Cardiovascular events · CKD patients Uric acid lowering therapies for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.2, 1.04] | 1 study · 113 participants | Low |
Uric acid lowering therapies (UAR) vs placebo, no treatment or usual care Uric acid at 1 year · CKD patients Uric acid lowering therapies for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 253 participants | High |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · CKD patients (any stage) treated for anaemia Continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator (CERA) for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Epoetin · CKD patients (any stage) treated for anaemia Continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator (CERA) for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1846 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Darbepoetin · CKD patients (any stage) treated for anaemia Continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator (CERA) for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1657 participants | Low |
Intervention NR CERA Q4W · CKD patients (any stage) treated for anaemia Continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator (CERA) for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 822 participants | Low |
Intervention NR CERA higher dose · CKD patients (any stage) treated for anaemia Continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator (CERA) for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Hypertension · CKD patients (any stage) treated for anaemia Continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator (CERA) for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR PLACEBO · CKD patients (any stage) treated for anaemia Continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator (CERA) for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 235 participants | Low |
Tight glycaemic control vs non‐tight control Doubling serum creatinine 8.3 years · patients with diabetes Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.64, 1.11] | 4 studies · 26874 participants | Low |
Tight glycaemic control vs non‐tight control ESKD 5.9 years · patients with diabetes Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.34, 1.12] | 4 studies · 23332 participants | Low |
Tight glycaemic control vs non‐tight control Sudden death 4.6 years · patients with diabetes Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.26, 2.57] | 4 studies · 5913 participants | Very low |
Tight glycaemic control vs non‐tight control All‐cause mortality 5.6 years · patients with diabetes Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.86, 1.13] | 9 studies · 29094 participants | Moderate |
Tight glycaemic control vs non‐tight control Cardiovascular mortality 4.4 years · patients with diabetes Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.73, 1.92] | 6 studies · 23673 participants | Low |
Tight glycaemic control vs non‐tight control Non‐fatal myocardial infarction 5.6 years · patients with diabetes Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.67, 0.99] | 5 studies · 25596 participants | Moderate |