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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
430 questions in 68 reviews · Tobacco Addiction
current versionsNo studies 26 · 6%Ungraded 12 · 2.8%Very low 116 · 27%Low 159 · 37%Moderate 87 · 20.2%High 30 · 7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Interventions delivered by dental professionals vs control Behavioural intervention + NRT/e‐cigarette versus no intervention/usual care, brief advice, or very brief advice Smoking cessation (≥ 6 months · participants who used tobacco products Interventions for tobacco cessation delivered by dental professionals (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.76 [1.58, 4.82] | 4 studies · 1221 participants | Moderate |
Interventions delivered by dental professionals vs control Behavioural support from dental professional at high school/college versus usual care/no intervention Smoking cessation (≥ 6 months · participants who used tobacco products Interventions for tobacco cessation delivered by dental professionals (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.51 [0.86, 2.65] | 3 studies · 1020 participants | Very low |
Behavioural weight management interventions vs brief advice or no intervention Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment ‐ Weight management education versus no weight intervention · People wanting to quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.04 | 2 studies · 140 participants | Low |
Behavioural weight management interventions vs brief advice or no intervention Smoking cessation at 12 months ‐ Personalised weight management support versus no intervention · People wanting to quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.45, 0.92] | 5 studies · 3441 participants | Low |
Acceptance interventions for weight concern vs no weight management intervention Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment · People wanting to quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 169 participants | Very low |
Acceptance interventions for weight concern vs no weight management intervention Mean weight change (kg) at 6 months · People wanting to quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0 | 3 studies · 106 participants | Low |
Acceptance interventions for weight concern vs no weight management intervention Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months · People wanting to quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.7 | 2 studies · 76 participants | Very low |
Acceptance interventions for weight concern vs no weight management intervention Smoking cessation at 6 months · People wanting to quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [1.03, 1.96] | 4 studies · 619 participants | Low |
Acceptance interventions for weight concern vs no weight management intervention Smoking cessation at 12 months · People wanting to quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.76, 2.06] | 2 studies · 496 participants | Low |
Exercise interventions for smoking cessation vs no exercise intervention Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment · People who have quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.25 | 4 studies · 404 participants | Low |
Exercise interventions for smoking cessation vs no exercise intervention Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months · People who have quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 2.07 | 3 studies · 182 participants | Low |
Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation vs placebo Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment · People who have quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.52 | 21 studies · 2784 participants | Moderate |
Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation vs placebo Mean weight change (kg) at 6 months · People who have quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.08 | 11 studies · 1021 participants | Moderate |
Behavioural weight management interventions vs brief advice or no intervention Mean weight change (kg) at 6 months ‐ Weight management education verses no weight intervention · People wanting to quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.89 | 2 studies · 81 participants | Low |
Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation vs placebo Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months · People who have quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.37 | 17 studies · 1463 participants | Moderate |
Varenicline for smoking cessation vs placebo Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment · People who have quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.23 | 14 studies · 2566 participants | High |
Varenicline for smoking cessation vs placebo Mean weight change (kg) at 6 months · People who have quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.09 | 3 studies · 384 participants | Low |
Varenicline for smoking cessation vs placebo Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months · People who have quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 1.05 | 3 studies · 237 participants | Low |
Fluoexetine vs placebo Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment · People who have quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 1.01 | 2 studies · 144 participants | Low |
Fluoexetine vs placebo Mean weight change (kg) at 6 months · People who have quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 1.01 | 2 studies · 124 participants | Very low |
Behavioural weight management interventions vs brief advice or no intervention Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months ‐ Weight management education versus no weight intervention · People wanting to quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.21 | 2 studies · 61 participants | Very low |
Behavioural weight management interventions vs brief advice or no intervention Smoking cessation at 6 months ‐ Weight management education versus no intervention · People wanting to quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.78, 1.33] | 3 studies · 660 participants | Low |
Behavioural weight management interventions vs brief advice or no intervention Smoking cessation at 12 months ‐ Weight management education versus no intervention · People wanting to quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.48, 0.9] | 2 studies · 522 participants | Low |
Behavioural weight management interventions vs brief advice or no intervention Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment ‐ Personalised weight management support versus no weight intervention · People wanting to quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 1.11 | 3 studies · 121 participants | Low |
Behavioural weight management interventions vs brief advice or no intervention Mean weight change (kg) at 6 months ‐ Personalised weight management support versus no weight intervention · People wanting to quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.96 | 5 studies · 816 participants | Very low |
Behavioural weight management interventions vs brief advice or no intervention Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months ‐ Personalised weight management support versus no weight intervention · People wanting to quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.44 | 4 studies · 530 participants | Very low |
Behavioural weight management interventions vs brief advice or no intervention Smoking cessation at 6 months ‐ Personalised weight management support versus no intervention · People wanting to quit smoking Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.82, 1.1] | 7 studies · 5517 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Smoking abstinence at 6‐month · people who attend primary care and smoke tobacco Strategies to improve smoking cessation rates in primary care (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [1.1, 1.55] | 22 studies · 18150 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Smoking abstinence at 6‐month · people who attend primary care and smoke tobacco Strategies to improve smoking cessation rates in primary care (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [1.15, 1.78] | 17 studies · 12852 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Smoking abstinence at 6‐month · people who attend primary care and smoke tobacco Strategies to improve smoking cessation rates in primary care (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.87, 1.23] | 5 studies · 5298 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Smoking abstinence at 6‐month · people who attend primary care and smoke tobacco Strategies to improve smoking cessation rates in primary care (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [1.05, 1.76] | 10 studies · 7560 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Smoking abstinence at 6‐month · people who attend primary care and smoke tobacco Strategies to improve smoking cessation rates in primary care (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.81, 1.41] | 7 studies · 3491 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Smoking abstinence at 6‐month · people who attend primary care and smoke tobacco Strategies to improve smoking cessation rates in primary care (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [1.04, 1.59] | 6 studies · 15978 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Smoking abstinence at 6‐month · people who attend primary care and smoke tobacco Strategies to improve smoking cessation rates in primary care (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.85, 1.41] | 7 studies · 13685 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Smoking abstinence at 6‐month · people who attend primary care and smoke tobacco Strategies to improve smoking cessation rates in primary care (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.97, 1.34] | 2 studies · 2454 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Test Accuracy · : Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Test Accuracy Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Sensitivity Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 36 studies · 803 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Specificity Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 36 studies · 1124 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Sensitivity · : Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 143 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Specificity · : Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 207 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Test Accuracy · : Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Sensitivity · : Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 63 studies · 1765 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Specificity · : Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 63 studies · 3277 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Test Accuracy Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Sensitivity Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 203 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Specificity Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 309 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Change in anxiety · various, including general population, pregnant people, psychiatric populations (ADHD, alcohol use disorder, anxiety… Smoking cessation for improving mental health (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 3141 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Change in depression · various, including general population, pregnant people, psychiatric populations (ADHD, alcohol use disorder, anxiety… Smoking cessation for improving mental health (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 34 studies · 7156 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mixed anxiety and depression · various, including general population, pregnant people, psychiatric populations (ADHD, alcohol use disorder, anxiety… Smoking cessation for improving mental health (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 2829 participants | Moderate |