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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,105 questions in 84 reviews · Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders
current versionsNo studies 434 · 39.3%Ungraded 32 · 2.9%Very low 246 · 22.3%Low 237 · 21.4%Moderate 132 · 11.9%High 24 · 2.2%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Obesity Class III vs Normal BMI, Non‐obese, or BMI < 40 .Pneumonia · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Obesity Class III vs Normal BMI, Non‐obese, or BMI < 40 Â · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Obesity (Unclassified) vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese OutcomesTime frame of absolute effects · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Obesity (Unclassified) vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese Mortality(in‐hospital) · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | Odds Ratio 1.35 | 54 studies · 1307520 participants | Low |
Obesity (Unclassified) vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese Mechanical ventilation(in‐hospital) · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | Odds Ratio 1.69 | 21 studies · 62348 participants | Low |
Obesity Class I vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese Mechanical ventilation(in‐hospital) · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | Odds Ratio 1.38 | 10 studies · 187895 participants | Moderate |
Obesity (Unclassified) vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese ICU admission(in‐hospital) · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | Odds Ratio 1.86 | 21 studies · 70529 participants | Moderate |
Obesity (Unclassified) vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese Hospitalisation (adjusted for age, sex, DM, HTN, and cardiovascular disease)(30 days, community) · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | Odds Ratio 1.31 | 14 studies · 510405 participants | Moderate |
Obesity (Unclassified) vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese Severe COVID(30‐days, community) · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | Odds Ratio 1.94 | 19 studies · 878804 participants | High |
Obesity (Unclassified) vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese Pneumonia(30‐days, community) · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | Odds Ratio 1.44 | 5 studies · 35924 participants | Moderate |
Obesity (Unclassified) vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese Hospitalisation (30 days, community) · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | Odds Ratio 1.31 | 20 studies · 515517 participants | Low |
Obesity (Unclassified) vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese  · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Every 5 units (kg/m2) increase in BMI vs N/A OutcomesTime frame of absolute effects · Adults with COVID Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Every 5 units (kg/m2) increase in BMI vs N/A Mortality(in‐hospital) · Adults with COVID Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | Odds Ratio 1.16 | 10 studies · 6937150 participants | High |
Every 5 units (kg/m2) increase in BMI vs N/A Mechanical ventilation(in‐hospital) · Adults with COVID Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | Odds Ratio 1.28 | 2 studies · 13527 participants | Moderate |
Every 5 units (kg/m2) increase in BMI vs N/A ICU admission · Adults with COVID Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Obesity Class I vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese ICU admission(in‐hospital) · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | Odds Ratio 1.36 | 7 studies · 162741 participants | Moderate |
Every 5 units (kg/m2) increase in BMI vs N/A Hospitalisation(30 days, community) · Adults with COVID Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | Odds Ratio 1.17 | 3 studies · 6911600 participants | Low |
Every 5 units (kg/m2) increase in BMI vs N/A Severe COVID (community) · Adults with COVID Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | Odds Ratio 1.94 | 5 studies · 1041 participants | Low |
Every 5 units (kg/m2) increase in BMI vs N/A Pneumonia · Adults with COVID Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Every 5 units (kg/m2) increase in BMI vs N/A Â · Adults with COVID Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Obesity Class I vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese Hospitalisation(30‐days, community) · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | Odds Ratio 0.96 | 5 studies · 515155 participants | Moderate |
Obesity Class I vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese Severe COVID‐19(in‐hospital) · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | Odds Ratio 1.48 | 3 studies · 1040 participants | Low |
Obesity Class I vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese Pneumonia  · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Obesity Class I vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese  · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Obesity Class II vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese OutcomesTime frame of absolute effects · Adults with COVID‐19 Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Potency/bioactivity parameters of human insulin · healthy physicians Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Diabetic ketoacidosis · healthy physicians Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Hypoglycaemic episodes · healthy physicians Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Adverse events · healthy physicians Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Health‐related quality of life · healthy physicians Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR HbA1c · healthy physicians Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Mean fall in plasma glucose levels (mmol/L/min) · healthy physicians Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 8 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR BMI loss (kg/m²) · children and adolescents with obesity Surgery for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents (2022) · Cochrane | MD 11.4 | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Weight loss (kg) · children and adolescents with obesity Surgery for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents (2022) · Cochrane | MD 31.6 | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse events (revisional procedure) · children and adolescents with obesity Surgery for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Health‐related quality of life (CHQ (8 subscores); scale 0 to 100, where 0 indicates the worst possible health state and 100 the best possible health state)c Physical functioning Change in health · children and adolescents with obesity Surgery for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents (2022) · Cochrane | MD 16.3 | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · children and adolescents with obesity Surgery for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Morbidity (metabolic syndrome)d · children and adolescents with obesity Surgery for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.08 [0, 1.47] | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Socioeconomic effects · children and adolescents with obesity Surgery for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Recombinant human thyrotropin‐aided radioiodine vs radioiodine Health‐related quality of life Recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH)‐aided radioiodine treatment for non‐toxic multinodular goitre (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 85 participants | Very low |
Recombinant human thyrotropin‐aided radioiodine vs radioiodine Hypothyroidism Recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH)‐aided radioiodine treatment for non‐toxic multinodular goitre (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.53 [1.52, 4.2] | 6 studies · 321 participants | Moderate |
Recombinant human thyrotropin‐aided radioiodine vs radioiodine Adverse events Recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH)‐aided radioiodine treatment for non‐toxic multinodular goitre (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.94, 1.63] | 6 studies · 321 participants | Low |
Recombinant human thyrotropin‐aided radioiodine vs radioiodine Thyroid volume Recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH)‐aided radioiodine treatment for non‐toxic multinodular goitre (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 268 participants | Moderate |
Recombinant human thyrotropin‐aided radioiodine vs radioiodine All‐cause mortality Recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH)‐aided radioiodine treatment for non‐toxic multinodular goitre (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Recombinant human thyrotropin‐aided radioiodine vs radioiodine Costs Recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH)‐aided radioiodine treatment for non‐toxic multinodular goitre (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: insulin detemir vs NPH insulin All‐cause mortality (Ultra‐)long‐acting insulin analogues for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (2021) · Cochrane | 4.97 [0.79, 31.38] | 9 studies · 3334 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: insulin glargine vs NPH insulin Severe hypoglycaemia (n/N) Definition: symptomatic hypoglycaemia requiring third party assistance, with either a blood glucose level < 2.8 mmol/L or prompt recovery after administration of oral carbohydrate, iv glucose or glucagon (Fulcher 2005; H... (Ultra‐)long‐acting insulin analogues for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.67, 1.04] | 9 studies · 2350 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: insulin glargine vs NPH insulin Non‐fatal myocardial infarction/stroke Definition: myocardial infarction/cerebral ischaemia (Ultra‐)long‐acting insulin analogues for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 585 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: insulin glargine vs NPH insulin Severe nocturnal hypoglycaemia (n/N) Definition: severe hypoglycaemia occurring 23:00‐07:00 (PRESCHOOL); severe hypoglycaemia occurring after the evening insulin injection and before the morning insulin dose (Fulcher 2005); severe hypoglycaemia oc... (Ultra‐)long‐acting insulin analogues for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.62, 1.12] | 6 studies · 1893 participants | Moderate |