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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,518 questions in 135 reviews · Infectious Diseases
current versionsNo studies 135 · 8.9%Ungraded 150 · 9.9%Very low 350 · 23.1%Low 420 · 27.7%Moderate 321 · 21.1%High 142 · 9.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR True negatives (participants without tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 648 participants | Low |
Intervention NR False positives (participants incorrectly classified as having tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 347 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Index Test result · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR True positives (participants with tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR False negatives (participants incorrectly classified as not having tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR True negatives (participants without tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 887 participants | Low |
Intervention NR True positives (participants with tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR False positives (participants incorrectly classified as having tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 108 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Index Test result · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR True positives (participants with tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 participants | Low |
Intervention NR False negatives (participants incorrectly classified as not having tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Low |
Intervention NR True negatives (participants without tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 951 participants | High |
Intervention NR False positives (participants incorrectly classified as having tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 44 participants | High |
Intervention NR False negatives (participants incorrectly classified as not having tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR True negatives (participants without tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 939 participants | High |
Intervention NR False positives (participants incorrectly classified as having tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 56 participants | High |
Intervention NR Index test result · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR True positives (participants with tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR False negatives (participants incorrectly classified as not having tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR True negatives (participants without tuberculosis disease) · of people with HIV‐negative or unknown HIV status who are considered eligible for systematic screening for… Symptom‐ and chest‐radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative adults and adults… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 871 participants | Low |
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention vs no WASH intervention Outcome (design) · children and adults Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil‐transmitted helminth infection (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention vs no WASH intervention Any STH prevalence · children and adults Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil‐transmitted helminth infection (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.86 [0.74, 1.01] | 14 studies · 36055 participants | Moderate |
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention vs no WASH intervention Ascaris lumbricoides prevalence · children and adults Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil‐transmitted helminth infection (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.87 [0.73, 1.03] | 11 studies · 25576 participants | Moderate |
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention vs no WASH intervention Trichuris trichiura prevalence · children and adults Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil‐transmitted helminth infection (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.94 [0.77, 1.14] | 9 studies · 23981 participants | Low |
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention vs no WASH intervention Hookworm prevalence · children and adults Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil‐transmitted helminth infection (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.88 [0.75, 1.04] | 9 studies · 24191 participants | Moderate |
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention vs no WASH intervention Strongyloides stercoralis prevalence · children and adults Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil‐transmitted helminth infection (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) plus insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) vs ITNs alone Malaria incidence · people at risk of malaria Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide‐treated nets (2022) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.86 [0.61, 1.23] | 323631 participants | Low |
Non‐pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) plus insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) vs ITNs alone Malaria parasite prevalence · people at risk of malaria Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide‐treated nets (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.42, 0.88] | 16394 participants | High |
Non‐pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) plus insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) vs ITNs alone EIR · people at risk of malaria Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide‐treated nets (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 participants | Very low |
Non‐pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) plus insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) vs ITNs alone Anaemia prevalence · people at risk of malaria Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide‐treated nets (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.38, 1.31] | 4288 participants | Low |
Pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) + insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) vs ITNs alone Malaria incidence · people at risk of malaria Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide‐treated nets (2022) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 1.07 [0.8, 1.43] | 15717 participants | Moderate |
Pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) + insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) vs ITNs alone Malaria parasite prevalence · people at risk of malaria Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide‐treated nets (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.86, 1.44] | 10820 participants | Moderate |
Pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) + insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) vs ITNs alone EIR · people at risk of malaria Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide‐treated nets (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Very low |
Pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) + insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) vs ITNs alone Anaemia prevalence (haemoglobin < 8 g/dL) · people at risk of malaria Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide‐treated nets (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.89, 1.4] | 4186 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Index test: self‐report All participants ≥ 95% adherence threshold Any viral load threshold Accuracy of measures for antiretroviral adherence in people living with HIV (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 25 studies · 9211 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Index test: VAS All participants ≥ 95% adherence threshold Any viral load threshold Accuracy of measures for antiretroviral adherence in people living with HIV (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 4235 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Index test: tablet counts All participants ≥ 95% adherence threshold Any viral load threshold Accuracy of measures for antiretroviral adherence in people living with HIV (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 3466 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Index test: pharmacy records or secondary database All participants ≥95% adherence threshold Any viral load threshold Accuracy of measures for antiretroviral adherence in people living with HIV (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 2254 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Index test: electronic monitoring All participants ≥ 95% adherence threshold Any viral load threshold Accuracy of measures for antiretroviral adherence in people living with HIV (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 186 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Index test: composite measure All participants Different thresholds* Any viral load threshold Accuracy of measures for antiretroviral adherence in people living with HIV (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1513 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Specimen · children with presumed pulmonary tuberculosis Index tests: Xpert Ultra Role: an initial test Threshold for index… Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay for tuberculosis disease and rifampicin resistance in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Sputum · children with presumed pulmonary tuberculosis Index tests: Xpert Ultra Role: an initial test Threshold for index… Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay for tuberculosis disease and rifampicin resistance in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 127 participants | High |
Intervention NR Gastric aspirate · children with presumed pulmonary tuberculosis Index tests: Xpert Ultra Role: an initial test Threshold for index… Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay for tuberculosis disease and rifampicin resistance in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 120 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Stool · children with presumed pulmonary tuberculosis Index tests: Xpert Ultra Role: an initial test Threshold for index… Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay for tuberculosis disease and rifampicin resistance in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 200 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Nasopharyngeal aspirate · children with presumed pulmonary tuberculosis Index tests: Xpert Ultra Role: an initial test Threshold for index… Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay for tuberculosis disease and rifampicin resistance in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 46 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Specimen · children with presumed pulmonary tuberculosis Index tests: Xpert Ultra Role: an initial test Threshold for index… Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay for tuberculosis disease and rifampicin resistance in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR All specimens · children with presumed pulmonary tuberculosis Index tests: Xpert Ultra Role: an initial test Threshold for index… Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay for tuberculosis disease and rifampicin resistance in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 3 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Malaria parasite prevalence · children and adults at risk of malaria House modifications for preventing malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.57, 0.82] | 5 studies · 5183 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Anaemia prevalence · children and adults at risk of malaria House modifications for preventing malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.55, 0.89] | 3 studies · 3643 participants | High |
Intervention NR Clinical malaria incidence · children and adults at risk of malaria House modifications for preventing malaria (2022) · Cochrane | rate ratio 1.68 | 3 studies · 3365 participants | Very low |